Database Management System Lab (CS 29006)

KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL

TECHNOLOGY

School of Computer Engineering

Strictly for internal circulation (within KIIT) and reference only. Not for outside circulation without permission

1 Credit Course Committee

Lab Contents
2

Sr # Major and Detailed Coverage Area Lab#

1 DQL – Part 1 3
 Recap on DML
 SELECT, FROM, WHERE & ORDER BY Clause
 Counting records in a Table
 Column Aliases
 Operators
 Summarization

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Recap on DML
3

 The DELETE statement is used to delete rows from a table. Example -

 DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE ID = 100;
 DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE;

 The TRUNCATE statement is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the
space containing the table. It is DDL in the sense that it commits and don’t roll
back. When we are using truncate, we are de-allocating the whole space allocated by
the data without saving into the undo-table-space. But, in case of delete, we are
putting all the data into undo table-space and then we are deleting all the data.
Example – TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;
ROWID
For each row in the database, the ROWID pseudo column (Oracle
assigned field and not part of the table) returns the address of
the row. Oracle rowid values contain information necessary to
locate a row. It contains the physical address of a row in a
database. If the user wants to delete the duplicate copies of the
same record, then ROWID is used. Example - SELECT ROWID,
Cid FROM CUSTOMER;

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Recap on DML
4

 User can view all the constraints by executing SELECT * FROM

USER_CONSTRAINTS;
 If the user wants to view all the constraints applied to a single table, the
syntax is: SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE TABLE_NAME=
tablename;
Example - SELECT * FROM USER_CONSTRAINTS WHERE
TABLE_NAME=’ITEM_MASTER’;
DUAL Table
DUAL table is a small worktable, which consists of only one column DUMMY
and a single row with value X of VARCHAR2 type. This table is owned by user
SYS and is available to all users. It is used for arithmetic calculations and date
retrieval. Example –
 SELECT 2*5 FROM DUAL;
 SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;

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DQL
5

A query is an inquiry into the database using the SELECT statement. A query is
used to extract data from the database in a readable format according to the
user’s request. For instance, if you have an employee table, you might issue an
SQL statement that returns the employee who is paid the most. This request to
the database for usable employee information is a typical query that can be
performed in a relational database.
The SELECT statement, the command that represents Data Query Language
(DQL), is the basic statement used to construct database queries. The SELECT
statement is not a standalone statement, which means that one or more
additional clauses (elements) are required for a syntactically correct query. The
FROM clause is a mandatory clause and must always be used in conjunction
with the SELECT statement. There are four keywords, or clauses, that are
valuable parts of a SELECT statement. These keywords are as follows:
 SELECT  WHERE
 FROM  ORDER BY

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Reference Table…
6

 EMPLOYEE table with the attributes:

ID, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, MIDDLE_NAME, FATHER_NAME, MOTHER_NAME,
SEX, HIRE_DATE, ADDRESS, CITY, STATE, ZIP, PHONE, PAGER
 SCHOOL table with the attributes:
ID, NAME
 EMPLOYEE _ALIGNMENT table with the attributes:
EMPLOYEE_ID, SCHOOL_ID
 JOB table with the attributes:
ID, NAME, TITLE, SALARY, BONUS
 EMPLOYEE _PAY table with the attributes:
EMPLOYEE_ID, JOB_ID
 PRODUCT table with the attributes:
ID, NAME, DESC, STATUS, CREATED_DATE, CREATED_BY, LAST_MODIFIED_DATE,
LAST_MODIFIED_BY, COST, INJECTED_DATE

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SELECT Clause
7

The SELECT statement is used in conjunction with the FROM

clause to extract data from the database in an organized, readable
format. The SELECT part of the query is for selecting the data you
want to see according to the columns in which they are stored in a
table.
The syntax for a simple SELECT statement is as follows:
* means all column TABLE 2 is optional

SELECT [ * | DISTINCT COLUMN1, COLUMN2 ] FROM TABLE1 [ , TABLE2 ];

Example: SELECT * FROM PRODUCT;

The DISTINCT option can be used to suppress the display of duplicate records.
Example: SELECT DISTINCT COST FROM PRODUCT;

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FROM & WHERE Clause
8

The FROM clause must be used in conjunction with the SELECT statement. It is a
required element for any query. The FROM clause’s purpose is to tell the database what
table(s) to access to retrieve the desired data for the query. The FROM clause may
contain one or more tables. The FROM clause must always list at least one table.
WHERE clause is a condition is part of a query that displays selective information as
specified by the user. The value of a condition is either TRUE or FALSE, thereby limiting
the data received from the query. The WHERE clause places conditions on a query by
eliminating rows that would normally be returned by a query without conditions.
Syntax is: [ represents optional

select [ * | distinct column1, column2 ] from table1 [ , table2 ] where [ condition1 |

expression1 ] [ and | OR condition2 | expression2 ]
Example:
SELECT * FROM PRODUCT;
SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE COST < 5;
SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE COST < 5 AND ID > 222;

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ORDER BY Clause
9

Data can be sorted by using the ORDER BY clause. The ORDER BY clause
arranges the results of a query in a specified sorted format. The default
ordering of the ORDER BY clause is an ascending order; the sort displays in
the order A–Z if it’s sorting output names alphabetically. A descending order for
alphabetical output would be displayed in the order Z–A. Ascending order for
output for numeric values between 1 and 9 would be displayed 1–9;
descending order would be displayed as 9–1. Syntax[ represents
is: optional

SELECT [ * | DISTINCT COLUMN1, COLUMN2 ] FROM TABLE1 [ , TABLE2 ]

WHERE [ CONDITION1 | EXPRESSION1 ] [ AND | OR CONDITION2 |
EXPRESSION2 ] ORDER BY COLUMN1 | INTEGER [ ASC | DESC ]
Example:
SELECT ID, DESC, COST FROM PRODUCT WHERE COST < 20 ORDER BY ID ASC;
SELECT ID, DESC, COST FROM PRODUCT WHERE COST < 20 ORDER BY 3 DESC;

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Class Work
10

1. Write a SELECT statement that returns the name and cost of each product.
2. Write a SELECT statement that returns the name and cost of each product
in ascending order.
3. Write a query that generates a list of all employee name and their phone
numbers.
4. Write a query that generates a list of all employee in descending order of
their city.

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Counting the Records in a Table
11

A simple query can be issued on a table to get a quick count of the number of
records in the table or the number of values for a column in the table. A count is
accomplished by the function COUNT.
The syntax of the COUNT function is :
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM TABLE_NAME;
Example: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM PRODUCT;

If you want to count only the unique values that show up within a table, you
would use the DISTINCT syntax within the COUNT function. For example, if you
want to get the distinct states represented in the STATE column of the
EMPLOYEE, use a query such as the one that follows:
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT STATE) FROM EMPLOYEE;

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Column Aliases
12

Column aliases are used to temporarily rename a table’s columns for the
purpose of a particular query. The following syntax illustrates the use of
column
aliases:
SELECT COLUMN_NAME AS ALIAS_NAME FROM TABLE_NAME;
Example:
SELECT ID, DESC AS PROD_DESC FROM PRODUCT;
SELECT ID, DESC AS “Prod Description” FROM PRODUCT;
Class Work
1. Select distinct last name of the employee with appropriate aliases
2. Select distinct first name of the employee with appropriate aliases

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Operators
13

An operator is a reserved word or a character used primarily in an SQL

statement’s WHERE clause to perform operation(s), such as comparisons and
arithmetic operations. Operators are used to specify conditions in an SQL
statement and to serve as conjunctions for multiple conditions in a statement.
Commonly used operators are:
 Comparison operators
 Logical operators
 Operators used to negate conditions
 Arithmetic operators

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Comparison Operators
14

Comparison operators test single values in an SQL statement. The comparison

operators discussed consist of =, <>, <, and >. These operators are used to test:
 Equality  Less-than values
 Non-equality  Greater-than values
Equality
The equal operator compares single values to one another in an SQL statement.
The equal sign (=) symbolizes equality. When testing for equality, the compared
values must match exactly, or no data is returned. If two values are equal during
a comparison for equality, the returned value for the comparison is TRUE; the
returned value is FALSE if equality is not found. This Boolean value
(TRUE/FALSE) is used to determine whether data is returned according to the
condition. This operator can be used by itself or combine with other operators.
Example - SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE ID = ‘2345’;

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Comparison Operators cont…
15

Non-equality
Opposite of equality operator
Example - SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE ID <> ‘2345’;
SELECT * FROM JOB WHERE SALARY <> 20000
Less Than, Greater Than
Example –
SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE COST > 20;
SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE COST < 20;

Class Work
1. Select the employees who are not staying in “Bhubaneswar”
2. Select the employees who are staying in “Lucknow”

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Logical Operators
16

Logical operators are those operators to make comparisons. Commonly used

operators are:
 IS NULL  IN  EXISTS
 BETWEEN  LIKE
IS NULL
The NULL operator is used to compare a value with a NULL value.
Example –
SELECT ID, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, PAGER FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE
PAGER IS NULL;
BETWEEN
The BETWEEN operator is used to search for values that are within a set of
values, given the minimum value and the maximum value. The minimum and
maximum values are included as part of the conditional set. Example –
SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE COST BETWEEN 5.95 AND 14.5;
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Logical Operators cont…
17

IN
The IN operator compares a value to a list of literal values that have been
specified. For TRUE to be returned, the compared value must match at least
one of the values in the list. Example –
SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE ID IN (‘13’, ’9’, ’87’, ’119’);
LIKE
The LIKE operator is used to compare a value to similar values using wildcard
operators. There are two wildcards used in conjunction with the LIKE operator:
 The percent sign (%) - represents zero, one, or multiple characters.
 The underscore (_) - represents a single number or character
Example –
SELECT DESC FROM PRODUCT WHERE DESC LIKE ‘%S’;
SELECT DESC FROM PRODUCT WHERE DESC LIKE ‘_S’;
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Logical Operators cont…
18

EXISTS
The EXISTS operator is used to search for the presence of a row in a specified
table that meets certain criteria.
Example –
SELECT COST FROM PRODUCT WHERE EXISTS (SELECT COST FROM
PRODUCT WHERE COST > 100 );

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Conjunctive Operators
19

Conjunctive operators provide a means to make multiple comparisons with

different operators in the same SQL statement. These operators are:
 AND
 OR
AND
The AND operator allows the existence of multiple conditions in an SQL
statement’s WHERE clause. For an action to be taken by the SQL statement,
whether it be a transaction or query, all conditions separated by the AND must
be TRUE.
Example –
 SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE COST > 10 AND COST < 30;
 SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE ID = ‘7725’ AND ID = ‘2345’;

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Conjunctive OR Operator
20

The OR operator combines multiple conditions in an SQL statement’s WHERE

clause. For an action to be taken by the SQL statement, whether it is a
transaction or query, at least one of the conditions that are separated by OR
must be TRUE. Example –
 SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE ID = ‘90’ OR ID = ‘2345’;
 SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE COST > 10 AND (ID = ‘222’ OR ID = ‘90’
OR ID = ‘11235’ );

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Negative Operators
21

The NOT operator reverses the meaning of the logical operator with which it is
used. The NOT can be used with other operators to form the following
methods:
 <>, != (NOT EQUAL)
 NOT BETWEEN
 NOT IN
 NOT LIKE
 IS NOT NULL
 NOT EXISTS

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Arithmetic Operators
22

Arithmetic operators perform mathematical functions in SQL—the same as in

most other languages. The four conventional operators for mathematical
functions are :
 + (addition)  * (multiplication)
 - (subtraction)  / (division)
Addition
Addition is performed through the use of the plus (+) symbol.
Example - SELECT SALARY + BONUS FROM JOB;
SELECT SALARY FROM JOB WHERE SALARY + BONUS > 40000;
Subtraction
Subtraction is performed through the use of the minus (-) symbol.
E.g. SELECT SALARY - BONUS FROM JOB;
SELECT SALARY FROM JOB WHERE SALARY - BONUS > 40000;
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Arithmetic Operators cont…
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Multiplication
Addition is performed through the use of the asterisk (*) symbol.
Example -
SELECT SALARY * 10 FROM JOB;
SELECT ID, SALARY * 1.1 FROM JOB WHERE BONUS IS NOT NULL;

Division
Division is performed through the use of the slash (/) symbol.
Example -
SELECT SALARY / 10 FROM JOB;
SELECT SALARY FROM JOB WHERE (SALARY / 10) > 40000;

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Class Work – PRODUCT Table
24

1. Write a SELECT statement that returns product IDs and description (alpha order)
for the product, created by Indiana D or Ohio D or Michigan R, or Illinois M.
2. Write a SELECT statement that returns product IDs and description (alpha order)
for the product, created by Indiana D or Ohio D and updated by Michigan R or
Illinois M.
3. Write a SELECT statement that returns the ID, description, and cost. Limit the
product cost to between 1.00 and 12.50 using conjunctive and comparison operator
4. Write a SELECT statement that returns the ID, description, and cost. Limit the
product cost to between 15.00 and 100.50 using between operator
5. SELECT statement that returns description, product cost, and 5% sales tax for each
product. List the products in order from most to least expensive.
6. Write a SELECT statement that returns description, cost, 5% sales tax for each
product and total cost with sales tax. List the products in order from most to least
expensive.
7. Write a query to return all the products that start with the letter P.
8. Write a query to return all products that do not start with the letter P.
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Data Summarization
25
Functions are keywords in SQL used to manipulate values within columns for output
purposes. A function is a command normally used in conjunction with a column name or
expression that processes the incoming data to produce a result. SQL contains several
types of functions. An aggregate function provides summarization information for an
SQL statement, such as counts, totals, and averages. The basic set of aggregate functions
are:
 COUNT  MAX  AVG
 SUM  MIN

COUNT
COUNT function is to count rows or values of a column that do not contain a NULL
value. When used within a query, the COUNT function returns a numeric value. One
can also use the COUNT function with the DISTINCT command to only count the distinct
rows of a dataset. Example –
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT SALARY) FROM JOB;
SELECT COUNT(ALL SALARY)FROM JOB;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEE;
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Data Summarization cont…
26

SUM
The SUM function returns a total on the values of a column for a group of rows.
You can also use the SUM function in conjunction with DISTINCT. When you use
SUM with DISTINCT, only the distinct rows are totaled, which might not have
much purpose. Your total is not accurate in that case because rows of data are
omitted. Example –
SELECT SUM(SALARY) FROM JOB;
SELECT SUM(DISTINCT SALARY) FROM JOB;
AVG
The AVG function finds the average value for a given group of rows. When used
with the DISTINCT command, the AVG function returns the average of the
distinct rows. Example –
SELECT AVG(SALARY) FROM JOB;
SELECT AVG(DISTINCT SALARY) JOB;

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Data Summarization cont…
27

MAX
The MAX function returns the maximum value from the values of a column in a
group of rows. NULL values are ignored when using the MAX function. The
DISTINCT command is an option. However, because the maximum value for all
the rows is the same as the distinct maximum value, DISTINCT is useless.
Example –
SELECT MAX(SALARY) FROM JOB;
SELECT MAX(DISTINCT SALARY) FROM JOB;
SELECT MAX(COST) FROM PRODUCT;
MIN
The MIN function returns the minimum value of a column for a group of rows.
NULL values are ignored when using the MIN function. The DISTINCT
command is an option. However, because the minimum value for all rows is the
same as the minimum value for distinct rows, DISTINCT is useless. Example –
SELECT MIN(COST) FROM PRODUCT;
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Class Work
28

Consider the table JOB and construct the following queries

1. What is the average salary?
2. What is the maximum bonus?
3. What are the total salaries?
4. What is the minimum salary?
5. How many rows are in the table?
6. Determine how many employees whose last names begin with a G.

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29

Thank You
End of Lab 3
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Experiment
30

1. Create following tables and insert appropriate rows

 EMPLOYEE table with the attributes:
ID, LAST_NAME, FIRST_NAME, MIDDLE_NAME, FATHER_NAME, MOTHER_NAME,
SEX, HIRE_DATE, ADDRESS, CITY, STATE, ZIP, PHONE, PAGER
 SCHOOL table with the attributes:
ID, NAME
 EMPLOYEE _ALIGNMENT table with the attributes:
EMPLOYEE_ID, SCHOOL_ID
 JOB table with the attributes:
ID, NAME, TITLE, SALARY, BONUS
 EMPLOYEE _PAY table with the attributes:
EMPLOYEE_ID, JOB_ID
 PRODUCT table with the attributes:
ID, NAME, DESC, STATUS, CREATED_DATE, CREATED_BY, LAST_MODIFIED_DATE,
LAST_MODIFIED_BY, COST, INJECTED_DATE
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Experiment cont…
31

2. Retrieve the row count in “Associate Professor” title

3. Retrieve the row count in “Associate Professor” title whose salary is between 80,000
and 100,000
4. Retrieve the details of jobs whose sum of salary and bonus is falling in the range
80,000 and 100,000
5. What is the average salary?
6. What is the maximum bonus?
7. What are the total salaries?
8. What is the minimum salary?
9. How many rows are in the table?
10. Determine how many employees whose last names begin with a G.
11. Select the employees who are not staying in “Bhubaneswar”
12. Select the employees who are staying in “Lucknow”
13. Write a SELECT statement that returns product IDs and description (alpha order) for
the product, created by Indiana D or Ohio D or Michigan R, or Illinois M.
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Experiment cont…
32

14. Write a SELECT statement that returns product IDs and description (alpha order)
for the product, created by Indiana D or Ohio D and updated by Michigan R or
Illinois M.
15. Write a SELECT statement that returns the ID, description, and cost. Limit the
product cost to between 1.00 and 12.50 using conjunctive and comparison
operator
16. Write a SELECT statement that returns the ID, description, and cost. Limit the
product cost to between 15.00 and 100.50 using between operator
17. SELECT statement that returns description, product cost, and 5% sales tax for each
product. List the products in order from most to least expensive.
18. Write a SELECT statement that returns description, cost, 5% sales tax for each
product and total cost with sales tax. List the products in order from most to least
expensive.
19. Write a query to return all the products that start with the letter P.
20. Write a query to return all products that do not start with the letter P.

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