The Cell

The basic unit of life

 Engage: Cell History

 Cytology- study of cells

 1665 English Scientist

Robert Hooke

 Used a microscope to
examine cork (plant)

 Hooke called what he saw

"Cells"
Cell History

 Robert Brown
 discovered the nucleus in
1833.
 Matthias Schleiden
 German Botanist
Matthias Schleiden
 1838
 ALL PLANTS "ARE
COMPOSED OF
CELLS".
 Theodor Schwann
 Also in 1838,
 discovered that animals
were made of cells
 Cell History

 Rudolf Virchow
 1855, German Physician
 " THAT CELLS ONLY COME FROM
OTHER CELLS".
 His statement debunked the
"Theory of Spontaneous Generation"
 Cell Theory
 The COMBINED
work of Schleiden,
Schwann, and
Virchow make up
the modern
CELL
THEORY.
 The Cell Theory states that:

1. All living things are composed of a cell

or cells.

2. Cells are the basic unit of life.

3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

 Explore
 Plant vs. Animal Lab
 You will observe different types of plant and animal cells
under the microscope and record your observations.
 Gel Cells for Diffusion
 You will build a model of a cell to understand why cells
when they reach a certain size stop growing.
 Edible Model Cells
 Using your textbook and other resources, you will make a
model of a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell using gelatin and
other edible materials. The gelatin will represent the cell
membrane/cytoplasm and other edible components will be
representative of the cellular organelles.
Explain: Cell Diversity

 Cells within the same organism show

Enormous Diversity in:
 Size
 Shape
 Internal Organization
1. Cell Size
 Female Egg - largest cell in the human
body; seen without the aid of a microscope
 Most cells are visible only with a
microscope.
 Cells are small for 2 Reasons
Reason 1:
 Limited in size by the RATIO between their Outer Surface
Area and Their Volume.
A small cell has more SURFACE AREA than a large cell for a
GIVEN VOLUME OF CYTOPLASM. This is important
because the nutrients,
oxygen, and other
materials a cell
requires must enter
through its surface.
As a cell grows
larger at some point
its surface area
becomes too Small to
allow these materials
to enter the cell
quickly enough to
meet the cell's need.
Cells are Small
Reason 2:
 THE CELL'S NUCLEUS (THE BRAIN)
CAN ONLY CONTROL A CERTAIN
AMOUNT OF LIVING, ACTIVE
CYTOPLASM.
 2. Cell Shape
 Diversity of form reflects a
diversity of function.
 THE SHAPE OF A CELL
DEPENDS ON ITS
FUNCTION.
3. Internal Organization
Cell membrane Cytoplasm

Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Eukaryotic Cell Nucleus

Organelles
 Prokaryotic Examples

ONLY Bacteria
EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Two Kinds:
Plant and Animal
Eukaryotic Example
Section 7-2

Smooth endoplasmic
Vacuole reticulum
Ribosome
(free)
Chloroplast
Ribosome
(attached)
Cell
Membrane
Nuclear
Cell wall envelope

Nucleolus

Golgi
apparatus Nucleus

Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Plant Cell
 Venn Diagrams

Compare and Contrast

Animal Cells Plant Cells

Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell Wall
Centrioles Golgi apparatus
Chloroplasts
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Internal Organization
 Cells contain
ORGANELLES.
 Cell Components
that PERFORMS
SPECIFIC
FUNCTIONS FOR
THE CELL.
 Cellular Organelles
 The Plasma
membrane or Cell
Membrane
 The boundary of the
cell.
 Composed of three
distinct layers.
 Two layers of fat and
one layer of protein.
The Nucleus
 Brain of the Cell
 Bordered by a porous
membrane - nuclear
envelope.
 Contains thin fibers of DNA
and protein called
Chromatin.
 Rod Shaped Chromosomes
 Contains a small round
nucleolus
 produces ribosomal RNA
(rRNA) which makes
ribosomes.
Ribosomes
 Small non-membrane
bound organelles.
 Contain two sub units
 Site of protein synthesis.
 Protein factory of the cell
 Either free floating or
attached to the
Endoplasmic Reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Complex network of
transport channels.
 Two types:
1. Smooth- ribosome
free and functions in
poison detoxification.
2. Rough - contains
ribosomes and
releases newly made
protein from the cell.
 Golgi Apparatus
 A series of flattened
sacs that modifies,
packages, stores,
and transports
materials out of the
cell.
 Works with the
ribosomes and
Endoplasmic
Reticulum.
Lysosomes
 Recycling Center
 Recycle cellular debris
 Membrane bound
organelle containing a
variety of enzymes.
 Internal pH is 5.
 Help digest food
particles inside or out
side the cell.
 Centrioles
 Found only in animal
cells
 Paired organelles
found together near the
nucleus, at right angles
to each other.
 Role in building cilia
and flagella
 Play a role in cellular
reproduction
 Cytoskeleton
Cell membrane

Endoplasmic
reticulum

Microtubule

Microfilament

Ribosomes Mitochondrion
 Cytoskeleton
 Framework of the cell
 Contains small microfilaments and larger
microtubules.
 They support the cell, giving it its shape
and help with the movement of its
organelles.
 Mitochondrion

 Double Membranous
 It’s the size of a bacterium
 Contains its own DNA;
mDNA
 Produces high energy
compound ATP so it is
called the powerhouse of
the cell
The Chloroplast
 Double membranous
 Center section contains
grana
 Thylakoid (coins) make
up the grana.
 Stroma - gel-like
material surrounding
grana
 Found in plants and
algae.
 The Vacuole
 Sacs that help in
food digestion or
helping the cell
maintain its water
balance.
 Found mostly in
plants and protists.
 Cell Wall
 Extra structure surrounding its plasma
membrane in plants, algae, fungi, and
bacteria.
 Cellulose – Plants
 Chitin – Fungi
 Peptidoglycan - Bacteria
Cell Types (Review)
Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
1. Contains a nucleus and 1. Does not contain a
other membrane bound nucleus or other
organelles. membrane bound
2. Rod shaped organelles.
chromosomes 2. Circular chromosome
3. Found in all kingdoms 3. Found only in the
except the Eubacteria Eubacteria and
and Archaebacteria Archaebacteria
Kingdoms