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Measure Phase

The document discusses the measure phase of Six Sigma DMAIC methodology. It explains key aspects of measurement including defining what to measure, attribute vs variable data, steps of measurement such as process mapping and data collection plans, tools for measurement like fishbone diagrams and gage R&R, and process capability metrics.

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ibrahime mohammed
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29 views

Measure Phase

The document discusses the measure phase of Six Sigma DMAIC methodology. It explains key aspects of measurement including defining what to measure, attribute vs variable data, steps of measurement such as process mapping and data collection plans, tools for measurement like fishbone diagrams and gage R&R, and process capability metrics.

Uploaded by

ibrahime mohammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEASURE PHASE Phase 2

By/Rowida Sayed
‘MEASURE’
is the second phase in the Six Sigma DMAIC
(Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control)
Compared to the ‘Define’ phase, where the
problem statement is created, business problems are
discussed and goals are defined.
 the ‘Measure’ phase engages in gathering
information or data for the current process.
IN THE MEASURE PHASE
1- Measurement is critical to understanding
the process
2- Determining WHAT to measure is often the
most difficult part
3- Process measurements collected during the
Measure Phase are to understand and
baseline the current process
THE POWER OF DATA
 Data drives decisions and actions!
 Data are measurements or observations we
record and use to describe, understand,
optimize, or control something such as a
process.
ATTRIBUTE VS VARIABLE
Attribute/Discrete ‫نسبية ومنفصلة‬ Variable/Continuous ‫متغيرة ومستمرة‬

Pass /Fail Actual Value

Poor Data Definition Excellent Data Definition

Larger Sample Required Smaller Sample Required

Usually Binomial or Poisson Often a Normal Distribution


Distribution

discrete Data Continuous Data


ATTRIBUTE DATA
Advantages:
◦ Easy to obtain and calculations are simple
◦ Everyone understands the data
◦ Often readily available
◦ Used to set base line performance
◦ Used by management
Disadvantages:
◦ No clue about why a defect happened or how
the process changed
◦ Not accurate at low defect rates (need large
sample size)
◦ Cannot predict trend
VARIABLE / CONTINUES DATA
Advantages:
◦ Provides detailed information about the process
using relatively small sample size
◦ Can be used at low defect rates
◦ Can predict trends and future conditions
◦ Key for improvement – DOE, Regression
Disadvantages:
◦ Often more difficult to get the data
◦ Analysis is more complex
STEPS OF MEASUREMENT

1.Observe the process


2. Select what to measure
3. Measure for a reason
4. Have a process for measurement
5. Plan and measure performance
STEP 1
1. Observe the Process
◦ Observe first, then measure
◦ Watch the process step by step
◦ Validate the current state value stream process
map
◦ Begin to identify failure modes
STEP 2
2- Select what to Measure
◦ Understand the measurement type
Attribute inspection
 a special attribute is inspected resulting in a pass or fail
Defect inspection
 inspection for defect levels
 classified by critical, major or minor defects
Variable measurement
 a specific parameter is measured at single or multiple
measurement sites
STEP 3
3. Measure for a Reason
Ask yourself: Why is this particular part of the process
being measured? How does this measurement relate to the
customer CTQ’s
There are two reasons to collect data:
◦ Measure efficiency and / or effectiveness
 Efficiency measures how well your internal process are running
(defect rates, process capability, etc.)
 Effectiveness measures how your product of process looks to your
customer (CTQ outputs)
◦ Discover how variables (X’s) upstream in the process affect the
outputs (Y’s) delivered to the customer
 The number of defects affect the cycle time due to rework processes
STEP 4
4. Have a process for measurement
◦ Review your CTQ tree and SIPOC for KPOV’s and
KPIV’s
◦ Select the best measurements for each CTQ
◦ Develop Operational Definitions
 What the measurement is
 What the measurement isn’t
 What is outside of the measurement scope
 The basic definition of the measurement
 Detail on how to take the measurement
STEP 5
5. Plan and Measure
◦ Creating the data collection plan
◦ Stratification factors
◦ Data collection plans
 Hints for data collection
ISHIKAWA DIGRAM
Cause and Effect Diagram
( FISHBONE DIAGRAM )
6M
PROCESS MAPPING
What is business process mapping?
Business process mapping is the visual
display of the steps within a business process
showing how it's done from start to finish
PROCESS MAPPING SYMBOLS
Types of Process maps
LINEAR FLOW PROCESS MAP
FMEA
FMEA
 Predict failures and prevent their occurrence in
manufacturing and others functional arears that generate
defects .
Identify the ways in which a process can fail to meet
critical customer requirements
Estimate the Severity , Occurrence , Detection (SOD) of
defects
Prioritize the actions that should be taken to improve and
control the process using ( RPN) Risk Priority Number
RPN
RPN CALCULATION
Example:
American survey found that women spend on average 146.21$ for
the Christmas holidays. Assume the stander deviation is 29.44$.
Find the percentage of women who spend less than 160.00$.
Assume the variable is normally distributed

160.00 – 146.21
29.44
= 0.47
MSA
BIAS
STABILITY
LINEARITY
REPEATABILITY
REPRODUCIBILITY
SHORT TERM
LONG TERM
CP/CPK VS PP/PPK
 The “C” values are for short term data; the “P”
values are for long term data
◦ Process Capability (Cp) is based on short-term
sigma (standard deviation within the subgroup)
◦ Process Performance (Pp) is based on long-term
sigma (standard deviation between the subgroups)
 The larger the subgroups, the smaller the Cp
value since the standard deviation rises with
the addition of more sample
◦ As the subgroup size approaches the total sample
population, Cp approaches Pp
CP & CPK
( PROCESSES CAPABILITY )
 Cp= Process Capability. A simple and
straightforward indicator of process capability
Cpk= Process Capability Index. Adjustment of Cp
for the effect of non-centered distribution
◦ Cpk is a measure of both the spread and centeredness of
a process
◦ Cpk looks at the 6 sigma limit of the tail of the curve
farthest from the specification midpoint (e.g. tail closest
to a specification limit)
◦ The larger the Cpk the better for continuous improvement
(look for values of > 1.33)
CAPABILITY EXAMPLE
You pull into a your garage and get out of
the car and view your parking within the
parameters of the space
 Cp will look at where you parked in
relation to the outside walls and how much
room you have before hitting the wall
 Cpk will look at how consistently you park
in the same spot over and over again
QUESTIONS
1-When constructing a Fishbone Diagram using the
________ approach is the most classic arrangement.

A. 6M
B. 4M
C. 5M
D. Alphabetical
2- With Measurement System Analysis we are concerned with two issues
that impact the potential variability of the data. They are ____________ and
Accuracy.

A. Spread
B. Reliability
C. Precision
D. Deflection
3- A valuable tool to use during the Measure Phase to
show material and information flow throughout an entire
process is the ______________ .

A. Value Stream Map


B. FMEA
C. Pareto Chart
D. Standard Operating Procedure
4-Early in a project a Belt will want to begin to identify
and evaluate risk factors for the subject process and will
therefore begin building a(n) ______________.

A. SIPOC
B. FMEA
C. Business Case
D. Team charter
5- Significant variation in process performance is a
consequence of several causes that can be classified using
which of the terminologies shown.
(Note: There are 2 correct answers).

A. Common
B. Random
C. Uneducated
D. Special
E. Vital
6- The term FMEA is an abbreviation for
Failures Measure Effective Automation.

A. True
B. False
7- The Accuracy of a Measurement System addresses
_________________.

A. Stability, Bias & Linearity


B. Repeatability & Reproducibility
C. Stability & Sensitivity
D. Precision & Sensitivity
8- The deviation of the measured value from the actual
value is known as _____________.

A. Bias
B. Linearity
C. Repeatability
D. Movement
9- An operator checks that all boxes being packed contain
enough products to fill the box. However, each box
getting filled has a different number of products in it.
This is a Reproducibility problem, not a Repeatability
problem.

A. True
B. False
10-When we compare short-term and long-term
Capability which of these is true?

A. Cp is better for the short term


B. Both short-term and long-term performance are alike
C. Performance tends to improve over time
D. Cp is better for the long-term
ANSWERS
1- A
2- C
3- A
4- B
5- A & D
6- B
7- A
8- A
9- B
10- A

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