Digital Image Processing

Image Compression
 Background
Principal objective:
To minimize the number of bits required to represent an image.
Applications
Transmission:
Broadcast TV via satellite, military communications via aircraft,
teleconferencing, computer communications etc.
Storage:
Educational and business documents, medical images (CT, MRI and
digital radiology), motion pictures, satellite images, weather maps,
geological surveys, ...

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 Overview
Image data compression methods fall into two common
categories:

I. Information preserving compression

 Especial for image archiving (storage of legal or medical records)
 Compress and decompress images without losing information

II. Lossy image compression

 Provide higher levels of data reduction
 Result in a less than perfect reproduction of the original image
 Applications: –broadcast television, videoconferencing

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 Data vs. information

• Data is not the same thing as information

• Data are the means to convey information; various

amounts of data may be used to represent the same
amount of information Part of data may provide no
relevant information: data redundancy

• The amount of data can be much larger expressed

than the amount of information. 5
 Data Redundancy

• Data that provide no relevant information=redundant data or

redundancy.

• Image compression techniques can be designed by

reducing or eliminating the Data Redundancy

• Image coding or compression has a goal to reduce the amount of

data by reducing the amount of redundancy.

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Data Redundancy

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 Data Redundancy
Three basic data redundancies
 Coding Redundancy
 Interpixel Redundancy
 Psychovisual Redundancy

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 Coding Redundancy

A natural m-bit coding method assigns m-bit to each gray

level without considering the probability that gray level occurs
with: Very likely to contain coding redundancy

Basic concept:
 Utilize the probability of occurrence of each gray level
(histogram) to determine length of code representing that
particular gray level: variable-length coding.
 Assign shorter code words to the gray levels that occur most
frequently or vice versa.

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 Interpixel Redundancy
 Caused by High Interpixel Correlations within an image, i.e.,
gray level of any given pixel can be reasonably predicted from
the value of its neighbors (information carried by individual
pixels is relatively small) spatial redundancy, geometric
redundancy, interframe redundancy (in general, interpixel
redundancy )
 To reduce the interpixel redundancy, mapping is used. The
mapping scheme can be selected according to the properties of
redundancy.
 An example of mapping can be to map pixels of an image:
f(x,y) to a sequence of pairs: (g1,r1), (g2,r2), ..., (gi,ri), ..
gi: ith gray level ri: run length of the ith run

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 Psychovisual Redundancy

 The eye does not respond with equal sensitivity to all visual
information.
 Certain information has less relative importance than other
information in normal visual processing psychovisually
redundant (which can be eliminated without significantly
impairing the quality of image perception).
 The elimination of psychovisually redundant data results in a
loss of quantitative information lossy data compression method.
 Image compression methods based on the elimination of
psychovisually redundant data (usually called quantization) are
usually applied to commercial broadcast TV and similar
applications for human visualization.

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Psychovisual Redundancy

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Psychovisual Redundancy

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Psychovisual Redundancy

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 Image Compression Models

 The encoder creates a set of symbols (compressed) from the input

data.
 The data is transmitted over the channel and is fed to decoder.
 The decoder reconstructs the output signal from the coded symbols.
 The source encoder removes the input redundancies, and the
channel encoder increases the noise immunity.

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Source Encoder and Decoder

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Error-Free Compression

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Variable-length Coding Methods: Huffman Coding

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 Mapping

•There is often correlation between adjacent pixels, i.e. the value

of the neighbors of an observed pixel can often be predicted from
the value of the observed pixel. (Interpixel Redundancy).

•Mapping is used to remove Interpixel Redundancy.

•Two mapping techniques are:

 Run length coding

 Difference coding.

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Bit-Plane Decomposition (Example)
Binary Image Compression
Binary Image Compression: 1-D Run-Length Coding
(1D RLC):
 Lossy Compression

• A lossy compression method is one where compressing data and

then decompressing it retrieves data that may well be different
from the original, but is close enough to be useful in some way.

• Lossy compression is most commonly used to compress

multimedia data (audio, video, still images), especially in
applications such as streaming media and internet telephony.
 JPEG

• Lossy Compression Technique based on use

of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)

• A DCT is similar to a Fourier transform in

the sense that it produces a kind of spatial
frequency spectrum
 STEPS IN JPEG COMPRESSION
• Divide Each plane into 8x8 size blocks.
• Transform the pixel information from the spatial domain
to the frequency domain with the Discrete Cosine
Transform. (Compute DCT of each block)
• Quantize the resulting values by dividing each coefficient
by an integer value and rounding off to the nearest
integer.
• Arrange the resulting coefficients in a zigzag order. so
that the coefficients are in order of increasing frequency.
The higher frequency coefficients are more likely to be 0
after quantization. This improves the compression of run-
length encoding.
• Do a run-length encoding of the coefficients ordered in
this manner. Follow by Huffman coding. (Separately
encode DC components and transmit data.)
 JPEG COMPRESSION
•The most important values to our eyes will be placed in the
upper left corner of the matrix.

•The least important values will be mostly in the lower right

corner of the matrix.

Most
Important

Semi-
Important

Least
Important
 JPEG COMPRESSION
The example image 8*8 matrix
before DCT transformation.
 JPEG COMPRESSION
Gray-Scale Example:
Value Range 0 (black) --- 255
(white)

63 33 36 28 63 81 86 98
27 18 17 11 22 48 104 108
72 52 28 15 17 16 47 77
132 100 56 19 10 9 21 55
187 186 166 88 13 34 43 51
184 203 199 177 82 44 97 73
211 214 208 198 134 52 78 83
211 210 203 191 133 79 74 86
 JPEG COMPRESSION
2D-DCT of matrix
Value Range 0 (Gray) --- -355
(Black)

-304 210 104 -69 10 20 -12 7

-327 -260 67 70 -10 -15 21 8
93 -84 -66 16 24 -2 -5 9
89 33 -19 -20 -26 21 -3 0
-9 42 18 27 -7 -17 29 -7
-5 15 -10 17 32 -15 -4 7
10 3 -12 -1 2 3 -2 -3
12 30 0 -3 -3 -6 12 -1
 JPEG COMPRESSION
Cut the least significant
components
Value Range 0 (Gray) --- -355
(Black)

-304 210 104 -69 10 20 -12 0

-327 -260 67 70 -10 -15 0 0
93 -84 -66 16 24 0 0 0
89 33 -19 -20 0 0 0 0
-9 42 18 0 0 0 0 0
-5 15 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 JPEG COMPRESSION

Original Compressed

Results…
Some Common Image Formats
Some Common Image Formats