INSTITUTE :UIE

DEPARTMENT: ALL ACADEMIC

UNITS
Bachelor of Engineering (All Sections)
Subject Name and Code:
Engineering Physics 23SPH-141
Prepared by: Dr. Anjana Sharma, Assistant Prof.
Physics

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY & ULTRASONICS DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

COURSE OBJECTIVES
 The course is designed to make the students industry ready to contribute
in the growing demand of the industry at local, national and international
level.
 It will make the students competent to understand basic concepts and
applications of advanced engineering physics and apply its principles in
their respective fields at global platform.
 It will enhance the skill level of the students and shall make them
preferred choice for getting employment in industry and research labs.
 It will give thorough knowledge of the discipline to enable students to
disseminate knowledge in pursuing excellence in academic areas.

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COURSE OUTCOMES
CO Title Level
Number On completion of this course, the students are expected
to learn

CO1 Quote the basic fundamental concepts of lasers, optical Remember,

fibres, crystallography, ultrasonic oscillations, semiconductor
Understand
physics, quantum mechanics and nanotechnology.

CO2 Demonstrate the working of various lasers, fibre Understand

components, semiconductor devices; explain the behaviour
of crystalline solids, quantum and nano-scale systems.

CO3 Solve problems by applying principles related to lasers, Applying

fibres, semiconductors, oscillations, quantum and
nanoscience.

CO4 Compare various lasers and fibres, semiconducting devices, Analyze

crystalline materials, structures at quantum and nanoscale
on the basis of their properties for industrial applications.

CO5 Develop various systems using lasers, fibres, semiconductors Design

and nanomaterials for futuristic applications.

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Fig. 1 Introduction [1]
HISTORY OF POWDER METHOD

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Fig. 2 Instrument [2]
ORIGINAL POWDER SETUPS

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Fig. 3 Instrument [2]
MODERN POWDER SETUPS

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Fig. 4 Instrument [2]
 POWDER
DIFFRACTION
METHOD
Powder diffraction is a scientific technique
using X-ray, neutron, or electron diffraction
on powder or microcrystalline samples for
structural characterization of materials. An
instrument dedicated to performing such
powder measurements is called a powder
diffractometer.
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Fig. 5 Introduction [3]
 PROCESS
• A is a source of X- rays. These X-rays are generated by a cathode ray tube.

• X-rays are filtered by monochromator to produce monochromatic radiation. It help to choose

the correct wavelength.

• Slits (S1 and S2) are used to adjust the shape of the beam, collimate to concentrate and direct the

X-rays beam toward the sample so that the powdered specimen (P) get a narrow pencil of X-rays.

• Fine powder is struck on a hair by means of gum. It is suspended vertically in the axis of a
cylindrical camera. This enables sharp lines to be obtained on the photographic film which is
surrounding the powder crystal in the form of a circular arc.

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 PROCESS

• The X-rays after falling on the powder passes out of the camera through a cut in the film so as to
minimize the fogging produced by the scattering of the direct beam.

• When the geometry of the incident X-rays impinging the sample satisfies the Bragg Equation,
constructive interference occurs and the intensity of the reflected X-rays is recorded by a detector.

• The detector also processes this X-ray signal and convert it into a count rate, which is then output
to a device such as a printer or computer monitor.

• In a more complicated apparatus, also a goniometer can be used for fine adjustment of the
sample and the detector positions.

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SCHEMATIC OF X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETER

Fig. 6 Diffractometer[1] 10
 OBTAINING DATA

• The crystal structure can be obtained from the arrangement of the traces and their relative intensities.

• A diffraction pattern plots intensity against the angle of the detector, 2θ. The result obtained is called

diffractogram.

• In a diffraction pattern, the peak position depends upon the wavelength.

• Absolute intensity (number of X-rays observed in an given peak) may vary by instrumental and experimental

parameters.

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 APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS

Applications

1. X-ray powder diffraction is most widely used for the identification of unknown crystalline materials (e.g.

minerals, inorganic compounds).

2. Determination of unknown solids is critical to studies in geology, environmental science, material science,

engineering and biology.

Limitation:-

1. Crystal structure determination from powder diffraction data is extremely challenging due to the overlap of
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reflections in a powder experiment.
 SUMMARY
 Introduction to Powder Method

 Working of Powder Method

 Advantages and Disadvantages

 Application

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 FAQS

 What is difference between Powder and Laue method?

 What is X-ray?
 Why powder method is more beneficial than Laue method?
 List advantages and disadvantages of Laue Method
 What is the significance of Bragg’s law?
 What is inverse piezoelectric method?
 Draw plane of (100)

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 REFERENCES
Reference Website

[1] https://www.spec2000.net/00-login-1.htm

[2] https://slidetodoc.com/introduction-to-powder-x-ray-diffraction-18-th/

[3] https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/193802/x-ray-diffraction-on-thin-film

[4] https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/XRD.html

[5]]file:///C:/Users/admin/Desktop/PowderMethodsHandout.pdf

[6] http://prism.mit.edu/xray/Basics%20of%20X-Ray%20Powder%20Diffraction.pdf

[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_diffraction

[8] file:///C:/Users/admin/Downloads/crystals-07-00142.pdf

[9] http://ww1.iucr.org/iucr-top/comm/cteach/pamphlets/2/node8.html

[10] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rImvmfjl2-E

[11] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieYucsUlBqo 15
THANK YOU

For queries
Email: [email protected]