Chapter 1

Introduction

Java Software Solutions

Foundations of Program Design
9th Edition

John Lewis
William Loftus

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Focus of the Course
• Object-Oriented Software Development
– problem solving
– program design, implementation, and testing
– object-oriented concepts
• classes
• objects
• encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Design Paterns
the Java programming language

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Introduction
• Chapter 1 focuses on:
– This course will focus on:
• programming and programming languages
• an introduction to Java
• an overview of object-oriented concepts

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Outline
Computer Processing
Hardware Components
Networks
The Java Programming Language
Program Development
Object-Oriented Programming

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Java
• The Java programming language was created by
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
• It was introduced in 1995 and it's popularity has
grown quickly since
• A programming language specifies the words and
symbols that we can use to write a program
• A programming language employs a set of rules
that dictate how the words and symbols can be put
together to form valid program statements

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Java Program Structure
• In the Java programming language:
– A program is made up of one or more classes
– A class contains one or more methods
– A method contains program statements

• These terms will be explored in detail throughout

the course
• A Java application always contains a method
called main
• See Lincoln.java

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//********************************************************************
// Lincoln.java Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the basic structure of a Java application.
//********************************************************************

public class Lincoln

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints a presidential quote.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("A quote by Abraham Lincoln:");

System.out.println("Whatever you are, be a good one.");

}
}

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 Output
//********************************************************************
A quote Author:
// Lincoln.java by Abraham Lincoln:
Lewis/Loftus
// Whatever you are, be a good one.
// Demonstrates the basic structure of a Java application.
//********************************************************************

public class Lincoln

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Prints a presidential quote.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("A quote by Abraham Lincoln:");

System.out.println("Whatever you are, be a good one.");

}
}

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Java Program Structure
// comments about the class
public class MyProgram
{
class header

class body

Comments can be placed almost anywhere

}

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Java Program Structure
// comments about the class
public class MyProgram
{

// comments about the method

public static void main (String[] args)
{
method header
method body
}

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Comments
• Comments should be included to explain the
purpose of the program and describe processing
steps
• They do not affect how a program works
• Java comments can take three forms:

// this comment runs to the end of the line

/* this comment runs to the terminating

symbol, even across line breaks */

/** this is a javadoc comment */

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Identifiers
• Identifiers are the "words" in a program
• A Java identifier can be made up of letters, digits,
the underscore character ( _ ), and the dollar sign
• Identifiers cannot begin with a digit
• Java is case sensitive: Total, total, and
TOTAL are different identifiers
• By convention, programmers use different case
styles for different types of identifiers, such as
– title case for class names - Lincoln
– upper case for constants - MAXIMUM

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Identifiers
• Sometimes the programmer chooses the
identifer(such as Lincoln)
• Sometimes we are using another programmer's
code, so we use the identifiers that he or she
chose (such as println)
• Often we use special identifiers called reserved
words that already have a predefined meaning in
the language
• A reserved word cannot be used in any other way

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Reserved Words
• The Java reserved words:
abstract else interface switch
assert enum long synchronized
boolean extends native this
break false new throw
byte final null throws
case finally package transient
catch float private true
char for protected try
class goto public void
const if return volatile
continue implements short while
default import static
do instanceof strictfp
double int super

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Quick Check
Which of the following are valid Java identifiers?
grade
quizGrade
NetworkConnection
frame2
3rdTestScore
MAXIMUM
MIN_CAPACITY
student#
Shelves1&2

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Quick Check
Which of the following are valid Java identifiers?
grade Valid
quizGrade Valid
NetworkConnection Valid
frame2 Valid
3rdTestScore Invalid – cannot begin with a digit
MAXIMUM Valid
MIN_CAPACITY Valid
student# Invalid – cannot contain the '#' character
Shelves1&2 Invalid – cannot contain the '&' character

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White Space
• Spaces, blank lines, and tabs are called white
space
• White space is used to separate words and symbols
in a program
• Extra white space is ignored
• A valid Java program can be formatted many ways
• Programs should be formatted to enhance
readability, using consistent indentation
• See Lincoln2.java and Lincoln3.java

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Outline
Computer Processing
Hardware Components
Networks
The Java Programming Language
Program Development
Object-Oriented Programming

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Program Development
• The mechanics of developing a program include
several activities:
– writing the program in a specific programming language
(such as Java)
– translating the program into a form that the computer
can execute
– investigating and fixing various types of errors that can
occur
• Software tools can be used to help with all parts
of this process

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Language Levels
• There are four programming language levels:
– machine language
– assembly language
– high-level language
– fourth-generation language
• Each type of CPU has its own specific machine
language
• The other levels were created to make it easier for
a human being to read and write programs

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Programming Languages
• Each type of CPU executes only a particular
machine language
• A program must be translated into machine
language before it can be executed
• A compiler is a software tool which translates
source code into a specific target language
• Sometimes, that target language is the machine
language for a particular CPU type
• The Java approach is somewhat different
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Java Translation
• The Java compiler translates Java source code
into a special representation called bytecode
• Java bytecode is not the machine language for
any traditional CPU
• Bytecode is executed by the Java Virtual Machine
(JVM)
• Therefore Java bytecode is not tied to any
particular machine
• Java is considered to be architecture-neutral

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Java Translation

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Development Environments
• There are many programs that support the
development of Java software, including:
– Java Development Kit (JDK)
– Eclipse
– NetBeans
– BlueJ
– jGRASP
• Though the details of these environments differ,
the basic compilation and execution process is
essentially the same

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Syntax and Semantics
• The syntax rules of a language define how we can
put together symbols, reserved words, and
identifiers to make a valid program
• The semantics of a program statement define
what that statement means (its purpose or role in
a program)
• A program that is syntactically correct is not
necessarily logically (semantically) correct
• A program will always do what we tell it to do, not
what we meant to tell it to do

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Errors
• A program can have three types of errors
• The compiler will find syntax errors and other basic
problems (compile-time errors)
– If compile-time errors exist, an executable version of the program is
not created
• A problem can occur during program execution, such as
trying to divide by zero, which causes a program to
terminate abnormally (run-time errors)
• A program may run, but produce incorrect results, perhaps
using an incorrect formula (logical errors)

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Basic Program Development

Edit and
save program

errors?

errors?
Compile program

Execute program and

evaluate results

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Outline
Computer Processing
Hardware Components
Networks
The Java Programming Language
Program Development
Object-Oriented Programming

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Problem Solving
• The purpose of writing a program is to solve a
problem
• Solving a problem consists of multiple activities:
– Understand the problem
– Design a solution
– Consider alternatives and refine the solution
– Implement the solution
– Test the solution
• These activities are not purely linear – they
overlap and interact

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Problem Solving
• The key to designing a solution is breaking it
down into manageable pieces
• When writing software, we design separate
pieces that are responsible for certain parts of
the solution
• An object-oriented approach lends itself to this
kind of solution decomposition
• We will dissect our solutions into pieces called
objects and classes

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Object-Oriented Programming
• Java is an object-oriented programming language
• As the term implies, an object is a fundamental
entity in a Java program
• Objects can be used effectively to represent real-
world entities
• For instance, an object might represent a particular
employee in a company
• Each employee object handles the processing and
data management related to that employee

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Objects
• An object has:
– state - descriptive characteristics
– behaviors - what it can do (or what can be done to it)

• The state of a bank account includes its account

number and its current balance
• The behaviors associated with a bank account
include the ability to make deposits and
withdrawals
• Note that the behavior of an object might change
its state

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Classes
• An object is defined by a class
• A class is the blueprint of an object
• The class uses methods to define the behaviors of
the object
• The class that contains the main method of a Java
program represents the entire program
• A class represents a concept, and an object
represents the embodiment of that concept
• Multiple objects can be created from the same
class
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Class = Blueprint
• One blueprint to create several similar, but different,
houses:

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Objects and Classes

An object
A class (the realization)
(the concept)

John’s Bank Account

Bank Balance: $5,257
Account
Bill’s Bank Account
Balance: $1,245,069
Multiple objects
from the same class
Mary’s Bank Account
Balance: $16,833

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Inheritance
• One class can be used to derive another via
inheritance
• Classes can be organized into hierarchies

Account

Charge Bank
Account Account

Savings Checking
Account Account

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