Chapter

REFERENCE EXAMPLES
What do you need to know before
making a reference list?

1. Authors (and editors)

2. Publication dates
3. Titles
4. Additional information: translator, edition
number, volume number, issue number,
inclusive pages
5. Retrieval information
 PERIODICALS
CONTENT
BOOKS, REFERENCE BOOKS, BOOK CHAPTERS

TECHNICAL AND RESEARCH REPORTS

MEETINGS AND SYMPOSIA

DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS AND MASTER’S THESES

REVIEWS AND PEER COMMENTARY

AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA

DATA SETS, SOFTWARE, MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS, AND APPARATUS

UNPUBLISHED AND INFORMALLY UNPUBLISHED WORK

ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS AND COLLECTIONS

INTERNET MESSAGE BOARDS, ELECTRONIC MAILING LISTS, AND OTHER

ONLINE COMMUNITIES
7.01 PERIODICALS
Periodicals: journals, magazines,
newspapers, and newsletters.
 General reference form:
1. Journal article with DOI

Ex:
2. Journal article with DOI, more than
seven authors
 Listthe names of the first six authors followed by ... and
then the last author's name
Ex:
ARTICLE TITLE: Ethical issues occurring within nursing education.
Ethical issues occurring within nursing education.
PAGES: pp. 126-141.
126-141.
VOLUME/ISSUE: 20(2),
20(2),
AUTHOR: Fowler, M. D., & Davis, A. J.
M. D., Fowler, & A. J, Davis.
YEAR: 2013.
(2013).
JOURNAL TITLE: Nursing Ethics,
Nursing Ethics,
DOI: doi:10.1177/0969733012474290
10.1177/0969733012474290
3. Journal article without DOI, title
translated into English, print version
 Give the original title and, in brackets, the English
translation.
Ex:
4. Journal article with DOI, advance
online publication
 No volume, no issue, no page numbers.
 Add the notation Advance online publication. after the
title.
Ex:
5. In-press article posted in a preprint
archive
 Add the notation (in press). after authors’ names.
 Do not give a date.
 Give exact URL.
Ex:
6. Magazine article

 Givethe year and the exact date of the publication

(month or month and date).
7. Newspaper article

• Italicise the title of the newspaper.

• Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with p. or
pp.
• If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page
numbers, and separate the numbers with a comma (e.g. pp.
1, 3, 5)
Ex:
8. Special issue or section in a journal
 Add the notion [Special issue]. or [Special section]. after
the title.
Ex:

• If the issue has no editors, move the issue title to the author
position.
• Provide the page range for special sections.
Ex:
9. Monograph as part of journal issue

 Add the notion [Monograph]. after the title

Ex:

• Add the serial number or part number after the issue number.
Ex:
10.Online-only supplemental material
in a periodical
 Add description of the material in brackets after the title.
 Description may be: supplemental material, a letter to
the editor, podcast, or map.
Ex:

• If no author is indicated, move the title and bracketed

description to the author position.
7.02 BOOKS, REFERENCE BOOKS,
BOOK CHAPTERS
 Encyclopedias:
a reference work or compendium
providing summaries of knowledge.
 Dictionaries:is a collection of words in one or
more specific languages, often arranged
alphabetically, which may include information.
 Discipline-specific reference books: containing
useful facts or specially organized information
on a specific discipline.
 Ebook: an electronic version of a traditional
print book.
To cite an entire book

 Format:
To cite a chapter in a book or entry in
an reference book
 Format:

 Ifthere are no page numbers, use the chapter

or entry title.
To cite an entry in a reference work
with no byline
 NOTICE
 When the author and publisher are the same, use the
word Author as the name of the publisher.
 Alphabetize books with no author or editor by the first
significant word in the title.
 Placeinformation about editions, volume numbers, and
page numbers in parentheses following the title.
 Formajor reference works with a large editorial board,
you may list the name of the lead editor, followed by et
al.
 The electronic retrieval statement takes the place of
publisher location and name.
 NOTICE
 The reference list entry for a whole e-book should
include elements of author, date, title.
 Italicise the title (but not the bracketed
material), and source (URL or Digital Object
Identifier (DOI)).
 Ifthe book was read through an online library not
on an e-reader device, omit the bracketed
information from the reference.
 Give the commercial URL of the ebook supplier,
not the university web address of the database.
E.g. the correct URL for Dawsonera titles is
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLES
 Shotton,M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of
computer dependency . London, England: Taylor &
Francis.
 Shotton,M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of
computer dependency [DX Reader version]. Retrieved
from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk
/html/index.asp
 Hemingway, E. (1999). The killers. In J. Updike & K.
Kenison (Eds.), The best American short stories of
the century (pp.78-80). Boston, MA: Houghton
Mifflin.
OTHERS
 Book chapter, English translation, reprinted from
another source follow the reference formats:
Author, A. A. (1923). Extracts from wwww ( A. A,
Trans.). In A. Editor (Eds.), Title of work (pp. x-x).
Location: Publisher.
 Non-English reference book, title translated into
English follow the reference formats:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of reference book
in original language [English translation] (Edition). Place
of publication: Publisher.

 Ifa non-English reference work is used as the source, give

the title in the original languageand, in square brackets,
the English translation.
Entry in a dictionary and encyclopedia
 REVIEW
1. Shuhua, L.
2. In J. S. M. Lau & H. Goldblatt (Eds.),
3. The Night of Midautumn Festival.
4. Columbia University Press.
5. The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Literature (pp. 95-102).
6. New York,NY:
7. (2007).
 CORRECT ORDER: 1-7-3-2-5-6-4
Shuhua, L. (2007). The Night of Midautumn Festival. In J. S. M. Lau & H.
Goldblatt (Eds.), The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese
Literature (pp. 95-102). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
 7.03 TECHNICAL
AND RESEARCH REPORTS
 TECHNICAL AND RESEARCH REPORTS

A technical report (also scientific report) is a document

that describes the process, progress, or results of technical
or scientific research or the state of a technical or scientific
research problem.
General structure:
Notes:
If the issuing organization assigned a number (e.g., report
number, contract number, monograph number) to the report,
give that number in parentheses immediately after the title.
If you obtained a report from the U.S. Government Printing
Office, list the publisher location and name as Washington,
DC: Government Printing Office.

Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

For reports retrieved online, identify the publisher as part of
the retrieval statement unless the publisher has been
identified as the author: Retrieved from Agency name
website: http://www.xxxxxxx
Ex: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute. (2003). Managing asthma: A
guide for schools (NIH Publication No. 02-2650).
Retrieved from
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/lung/asthma/a
sth_sch.pdf
 CORPORATE AUTHOR, GOVERNMENT
REPORT:

Government reporting is the process whereby governments

report their activities to the public at large.
General structure:

Name of Department. (Year). Title of document in sentence

case and italics. Place of Publication: Publisher. DOI
or Retrieved from URL
Note:
Put the exactly the full name, not the acronym, of all the
authors (organizations, departments, …) in the beginning of
the reference and place commas between them.
Ex:
CORPORATE AUTHOR, GOVERNMENT REPORT:
Structure:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of technical report in sentence
case and italics (Report No. xxx). Retrieved from Agency
Name website: URL
Ex:
7.04 MEETINGS AND SYMPOSIA
 MEETINGS AND SYMPOSIA

Symposium is an occasion at which people who have great

knowledge of a particular subject meet in order to discuss a
matter of interest.
General structure:
PROCEEDINGS PUBLISHED REGULARLY ONLINE
PROCEEDINGS PUBLISHED IN BOOK FORM
Practice exercises:
1. In a proceedings published regularly online, must
the “volume number” be written in italics?
YES
2. Which is a correct reference?

a) Kessy, S. S. A., & Urio, F. M. (2006). The contribution of microfinance institutions

to poverty reduction in Tanzania (Research Report No. 06.3). Retrieved
from Research on Poverty Alleviation website: http://www.repoa.or.tz
/documents_storage/Publications/Reports/06.3_Kessy_and_Urio.pdf
x
b) Kessy, S. S. A., & Urio, F. M. (2006). The contribution of microfinance institutions
to poverty reduction in Tanzania (Research Report No. 06.3). Retrieved
from Research on Poverty Alleviation website: http://www.repoa.or.tz
/documents_storage/Publications/Reports/06.3_Kessy_and_Urio.pdf

c) Kessy, S. S. A., & Urio, F. M. (2006), The contribution of microfinance institutions
to poverty reduction in Tanzania (Research Report No. 06.3). Retrieved
from Research on Poverty Alleviation website: http://www.repoa.or.tz
/documents_storage/Publications/Reports/06.3_Kessy_and_Urio.pdf
x
7.05 DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS
AND MASTER’S THESES
Doctoral Dissertations and Master’s Theses

Thesis – A document submitted to earn a

degree at a university.

Dissertation – A document submitted to earn an

advanced degree, such as a doctorate degree.
7.05 Doctoral Dissertations and Master’s
Theses
An unpublished dissertation or thesis

A published dissertation or thesis

Thesis/Dissertation – From a commercial

database

Doctoral dissertation, from an institutional database

5. Doctoral dissertation, from the web

1. An unpublished dissertation or thesis
For example:
2. A published dissertation or thesis: available
from a database service.
Format:

Example:
3. Thesis/Dissertation – From a commercial database
(e.g., ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database)

Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis/dissertation in sentence
case and italics (Type of document). Available from
Database. (Identification number)
Example:
4. Doctoral dissertation, from an institutional database
(e.g: university website)
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis/dissertation in
sentence case and italics (Type of document). DOI or
Retrieved from URL
Example:
Adams,
Adams,R.R.J.J.(1973).
(1973).Building
Buildinga afoundation
foundationfor
for
evaluation
evaluationofofinstruction
instructionininhigher
highereducation
educationand
and
continuing
continuingeducation
education(Doctoral
(Doctoraldissertation, Royal
dissertation).
Roads University,
Retrieved Victoria, Canada). Retrieved from
from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/
http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/
5. Doctoral dissertation, from the web
Format
: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Doctoral
dissertation/Master's thesis, Institution issuing degree).
Retrieved from http://www.url.com
Example:
7.06 REVIEWS AND
PEER COMMENTARY
Reviews and Peer Commentary
Note: Identify the type of medium being reviewed in
brackets (book, motion picture, television program, etc.).
1. Review of a book
1. Review of a book
Example:

Note: If the review is untitled, use the material in

brackets as the title; retain the brackets to
indicate that the material is a description of
form and content, not a title.
2. Review of a video, film, DVD, or other media
Example:

Note: include the year of release after the title of

the work, separated by a comma.
4. Peer commentary on an article
Format:
Writer, A. A. (Year). Title of commentary [Peer
comentary on the journal article “Title of article”].
Retrived from http://url.com

Example:
TRY
!

Rashed, D.H. (2008). A case study of international ESL learners’ perceptions of

technology use in English language learning (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from
ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. AAT1456443).
7.07 AUDIOVISUAL MEDIA
 Audiovisual Media
Audiovisual media include motion pictures;
audio or television broadcasts (including
podcasts); and static objects such as maps,
artwork, or photos.
 Motion Pictures

Kenner, R. (Producer). (2009). Food, inc. [ Motion picture].

Details:
• An entry for a motion picture begins with the producer’s or
director’s name (with the word Producer or Director in
parentheses but not italicized).
• Then followed by the year of the motion picture’s release.
• Its title (italicized, with sentence-style capitalization), and
a descriptive title (in brackets).
• The entry ends with the country of origin and the company.
An individual episode
Music Track

 For example:
 A Map, Graph, Table, Or Chart
The name of the author, artist, or
designer. (publication date). The
Title [descriptive label].
 The name of the author, artist, or designer responsible
for the element,
 Followed by the publication date, in parentheses.
 Thetitle, with sentence-style capitalization but without
special punctuation.
 Followthe title with a descriptive label in brackets,
followed by a period.
 Often prepared as part of another source, a
map, graph, table, or chart is most often
treated like a selection in an edited collection
(or a chapter in a book).
 7.08 DATA SETS, SOFTWARE,
MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS,
AND APPARATUS
 Data Sets, Software, Measurement
Instruments, and Apparatus

 References are not necessary for standard

software and programming languages, such as
Microsoft Word, Java, Adobe Photoshop and SPSS.
In the text, give the proper name of the
software, along with the version number – e.g.
IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0.
 Do provide reference entries for specialised
software or computer programmes with limited
distribution.
 Software

• Software author(s)’ surname, a comma and each of their initials with

a full stop after each initial (and comma if more than one) : Alloway,
T., Wilson, G., & Graham, J.
• Date of software release in round brackets followed by a full stop:
2005
• Title of computer software followed by version number in round
brackets: Sniffy: The virtual rat (pro version 2.0.)
• Source of software (e.g. computer programme, language etc) in
square brackets followed by a full stop: Computer software
• Location and name of organisation who produced the work followed
Measurement instrument
Question: When we cite a music
track, which one is italicized?
A. Title of song
B. Title of album
C. Both A and B
D. None
 7.09 UNPUBLISHED
AND INFORMALLY UNPUBLISHED
WORK
UNPUBLISHED AND INFORMALLY
UNPUBLISHED WORK

UNPUBLISHED
Those that have not
been finished

WORK Those that have been

submitted for
publication
Those that have been
finished but not
submitted for
Informally published work

 Thosethat have not been formally published

but are uploaded to a website, an electronic
archive, or a preprint archive.
FORMAT

Skidmore, K. L. (2017). The effects of postpartum

depression among young mothers who give children up for
adoption. Unpublished master's thesis.
NOTICE
1.If the work is available in any website or electronic archive,
remember to mention it at the end.

Insert the ID given

for the document
 2. If your sources are formally published
before your work publication, remember to
update the references as they appear on the
final published version.
This work was later published in a journal and would now be referenced
as follows:
3. For manuscript in progress or submitted for
publication
 Any work that has been accepted for publication but
not yet published can be considered as in-press
reference.
 Do not give the name of the journal or the publisher
to which the manuscript is submitted.
Some special cases

 Unpublished manuscript with a university cited

Author, A. A. (year). Title of paper or manuscript.
Unpublished manuscript, Location : Institution.
 Unpublished raw data from study, untitled work
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year).
[Topic of study or untitled work]. Unpublished
raw data.
 WHAT IS WRONG ?
Simmons, B. (2015). The tale of two Flaccos. Retrieved from
http://grantland.com/.
Simmons, B. (2015). The tale of two Flaccos. Retrieved from
http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-tale-of-two-flaccos/.

Parker, R. S. (1978). Style notes for typescripts in

the social sciences. Unpublished manuscript,
Australian National University, Australia.

Parker, R. S. (1978). Style notes for typescripts in

the social sciences. Unpublished manuscript,
Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
7.10 ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS
AND COLLECTIONS
 Archival Documents and
Collections

Archival sources include letters, unpublished

manuscripts and other documents, as well as such non-
text materials as photographs and apparatus, that are
in the personal possession of an author, form part of an
institutional collection, or are stored in an archive.
Format:
 Notice:
 This general format may be modified for
collections requiring more or less specific
information to locate materials, for different
types of collections, or for additional descriptive
information (e.g., a translation of a letter).
 If several letters are cited from the same
collection, list the collection as a reference and
provide specific identifying information for each
letter in the in-text citations.
 Use square brackets to indicate information that does not appear
on the document. Use question marks to indicate uncertainty
regarding names and dates.
 For interviews and oral histories, list the interviewee as the
author. Include the interviewer’s name in the description.
 If a publication of limited circulation is available in libraries, the
reference may be formatted as usual for published material,
without the archival source.
Types and examples:
 Letter from private collection:

 Photographs:
 7.11 INTERNET MESSAGE
BOARDS, ELECTRONIC
MAILING LISTS, AND OTHER
ONLINE COMMUNITIES
Internet Message Boards, Electronic Mailing
Lists, and Other Online Communities

The Internet offers several options for people around

the world to sponsor and join discussions devoted to
particular subjects including blogs, online forums,
discussion groups, etc…
Format:
Notice:
 Ifthe author’s full name is available, list the last
name first followed by initials. If only a screen
name is available, use the screen name.
 Provide the address for the archived version of
the message.
 Include the information ”Retrieved from”
followed by the URL where the message can be
retrieved or include the name of the list to which
the message was posted, if it’s not part of the
URL.
Types and examples:

 Video blog post:

 Blog post:
 Review Question

 What kind of information should be put into the

square bracket in an archival document
reference ?
A. The time.
B. The information that doesn’t appear in the
document.
C. Uncertainty regarding names and dates.
D. None of the above.
THANK YOU