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SCIENCE PART 1

4RD504 / 7RD526
Tuesday 10th September 2019
Sarah Booth
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 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Define the terms matter and energy and provide examples of each
• Differentiate between mass, weight and density to include units of measurement
• Describe the arrangement of particles in solids, liquids and gases with reference to their kinetic
energy
• Differentiate between temperature and heat
• Describe mechanisms of heat transfer to include conduction , convection and radiation
• Describe types of waves
• Define terminology associated with waves
• Outline key features of electromagnetic waves
• Describe the electromagnetic spectrum

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 WHAT IS PHYSICS?

• Scientific study of the physical

world
• Two concepts;
• Matter
• Energy
• Relationship between the two

• Why do Radiographers need to

study physics?

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 WHAT IS MATTER?

• Everything around you!

• Matter is anything that has…

• Mass (amount of stuff in an object)
• Volume (amount of space it takes up)

• Matter can be a solid, a liquid or a gas

• Matter is made up of tiny particles called

atoms

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 TERMINOLOGIES

• Mass relates to the number of particles

that are contained
• Unit of measurement; kilograms(kg)

• Weight is the force of gravity acting on

a given amount of mass
• Unit of measurement; Newtons (N)

• Density is the amount of mass per unit

volume
• Unit of measurement; kg/m³

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 ENERGY

• “the ability to do work”

• If a force succeeds in changing the motion of a

body we say that work has been done;
• Work done = force x distance moved

• Work can be thought of as energy being usefully

expended

• Exists in many forms; potential, kinetic, thermal,

electrical, chemical, nuclear

• Unit of measurement; joules (J)

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed only

converted from one form to another
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 INTERNAL ENERGY AND MATTER

• Atoms and molecules in matter are constantly moving (possess kinetic energy)

• Solids • Liquids • Gases

• Retain a fixed solid shape • Assumes the shape of the • Assumes the shape and
container which it occupies volume of its container
• Not easily compressed
• Not easily compressed • Easily compressed
• Particles are tightly packed
together • Particles are close together • Particles are well separated
with no regular arrangement with no regular
• Vibrate around a fairly fixed arrangement
• Vibrate around and move past
position • Vibrate and move freely at
each other
high speeds

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 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE

• Temperature;
• Measuring hotness and coldness
• Depends on the average kinetic energy of its particles
(speed of their movement)
• Lower temperature – slower the movement
• Higher temperature – more vigorous the movement

• Heat;
• Transfer of internal energy from one body of matter to
another / one part of a body of matter to another
• Occurs as a result of a difference in temperature
• Flows down a gradient from substance at high temperature
to low temperature
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 MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER

• Conduction;
• Conduction is movement of heat through a substance by
collision of particles
• Occurs when two objects at different temperatures are in
contact with each other
• Heat energy flows from the warmer object to the cooler
object until both are the same temperature

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 MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER

• Convection;

• Main process by which heat energy is transferred in liquids and gases

• Liquid closest to heat source has heat energy transferred by conduction

• Particles expand, become less dense and they start to raise

• They collide with neighbouring particles and transfer their heat energy

on by conduction

• As particle cools, it begins to fall and a current is created

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 MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER

• Radiation;

• Is the transfer of heat energy through waves that can travel

through air or even an empty space

• Waves hit the object, heat energy is transferred causing

them to warm up

• Radiation is the only mechanism of heat transfer that does

not require matter

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 WHAT IS A WAVE?

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 TYPES OF WAVE

• All types of wave transmit energy

• Categorised on the basis of the direction of
movement of the particles, relative to the direction
the wave is travelling in

• Transverse Waves;
• Particles of the medium move in a direction
perpendicular to the direction that the wave moves
• Examples; electromagnetic waves, ocean waves

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 TYPES OF WAVE

• Longitudinal Waves;
• Particles of the medium move in a
direction parallel to the direction that the
wave travels
• Examples; soundwaves, seismic P- waves,
ultrasound waves

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 Wavelength
WAVE TERMINOLOGY
Amplitude
• Cycle; is one complete waveform
• Starts from any point on the wave and ends at the Cycle
corresponding point on the next wave

Speed = Frequency x Wavelength

• Wavelength; distance travelled by a wave completing (m/s) (s) (m)
one cycle
• Measured in metres (m)

• Amplitude; magnitiude of the peak of the wave above

the x axis
• Measured in metres (m)

• Frequency; number of cycles per second

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 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

• Transverse waves

• Vibrations are changes in electrical and magnetic fields

perpendicular to the direction of travel

• All electromagnetic waves;

• Transfer energy as radiation from the source of the

waves to the absorber

• Can travel through a vacuum

• Travel at the same speed through a vacuum

• Electromagnetic waves form a spectrum of different

wavelengths
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Sensitivity: Internal Is radiation dangerous?
 Non-Ionising Radiation Ionising Radiation
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 KEY TERMS

• We deal with very big or very small numbers

• Use notations to avoid writing all the zeros

• The power indicates how many times to use a number in a multiplication or division

Notation Number Prefix

103 1000 kilo
106 1000 000 mega
109 1000 000 000 giga
10-2 0.01 centi
10-3 0.001 milli
10-6 0.000001 micro

• Examples relevant to radiography; gigabecquerel (GBq), kilovolt (kV), centigray (cGy),

milliampere (mA)
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 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Define the terms matter and energy and provide examples

• Differentiate between mass, weight and density to include units of measurement
• Describe the arrangement of particles in solids, liquids and gases with reference to their kinetic
energy
• Differentiate between temperature and heat
• Describe mechanisms of heat transfer to include conduction , convection and radiation
• Describe types of waves
• Define terminology associated with waves
• Outline key features of electromagnetic waves
• Describe the electromagnetic spectrum

Sensitivity: Internal