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Chapter 4 V2

The document discusses the history and evolution of management theories from the classical school through scientific management and bureaucracy. It covers theorists like Taylor, Fayol, Mayo and Barnard and their contributions in areas like time and motion studies, the Hawthorne studies, and establishing effective communication in organizations.

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30 views14 pages

Chapter 4 V2

The document discusses the history and evolution of management theories from the classical school through scientific management and bureaucracy. It covers theorists like Taylor, Fayol, Mayo and Barnard and their contributions in areas like time and motion studies, the Hawthorne studies, and establishing effective communication in organizations.

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CHAPTER 4

THEORIES OF
MANAGEMENT

Prepared by: …
MANAGEMENT HISTORY
• In 1975, Raymond E. Miles wrote Theories of management.
The evolution of management theory in the United States his
model includes, classical, human relations and human
resources.

CLASSICAL SCHOOL
– Began in 1990 and continued in 1920’s

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
– Focuses on worker and machine relationship
FREDERICK TAYLOR
(1856-1915)

• He is known as the Father of Scientific Management and


published the principles of Scientific Management.

• He performed the experiments called the Time Studies


( also known as Time and Motion Studies)
TAYLOR’S 4
PRINCIPLE SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

1. Replace rule-thumb work methods to methods

2. Scientifically select, train and develop each worker rather


than passively leaving them to train themselves

3. Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically


developed methods are followed

4. Divide work nearly equal between managers and workers


HENRY GANTT
– (1861-1919)

– He was an industrial engineer and associate of Taylor in


several projects

– He also developed The Gantt Chart which is used for


scheduling multiple overlapping task over a time period.
FRANK(1868-1924) &
– LILIAN(1878-1872) GILBRETH

– He is known as The Father of Time and Motion Studies


– He’s wife is the author of The Psychology of Work in 1911
– The couple wrote Applied Motion Study
– Frank define motion study as dividing work into most
fundamentals elements possible
MAX WEBER
(18464-1920)

– - Known as Father of Sociology


- Bureaucracy as the most logical and rational
structure for large organization.
- Rational authority based on law
- Positional authority superior over a subordinate stems
- Charisma authority from personal qualities of individual
Efficiency Bureaucracy comes from:
– Clearly define functions ; Used of legal authority and
Hierarchical form and etc.
Administrative Management
– Emphasizes the manager and the function of management
HENRI FAYOL
(1841-1925)

- Known as the Father of Modern Management

He classified business He also developed the fourteen principles:


1. Division of Work 8. Centralization
operation into six: 2. Authority and responsibility 9. Scalar chain
1. Technical 3. Discipline 10. Order
2. Commercial 4.Unity of command 11. Equity
3. Financial 5. Unity of direction 12. Stability of tenure
4. Security 6.Suburdination of individual 13. Initiative
5. Accounting interests to general interest
7. Remuneration of personnel 14. Esprit de corps
6. Management
MARY PARKER FOLLETTE’S

- The Universal Goal of organizations is an integration of


individual effort into a synergistic whole.
- The Universal Principle is a reciprocal response emphasizing
feedback to the sender
- Law of the situation emphasizes that there is no one best way
to do anything, but that all depends on the situation
- Behavioral or Human Relation Management emerge in the
1920s and dealt with the human aspect of organization.
THE HAWTHORNE STUDIES
- Harvard Business School researchers, T.N Whitehead, Elton Mayo, and George Homans were
led by Fritz Roethlisberger.

ELTON MAYO
-Known as the Father of the Hawthorne Studies

Four major phases to the Hawthorne Studies:

1. The Illumination Experiments


2. The relay assembly group experiments
3. The interviewing program
4. The bank wiring group studies
CHESTER BARNARD
(1886-1961)
- Retired as the CEO of new jersey Bell
Telephone he recorded his insights about
management in his book, Function of the
Executive

THREE TOP FUNCTION OF THE EXECUTIVE

1. Establish and maintain an effective communication system


2. Hire and retain effective personnel, and
3. Motivate those personnel
ACCEPTANCE THEORY AUTHORITY
– States that managers only have as much authority as employees
allow them to have 4 conditions:

1. Employees must understand what the manager wants


them to do
2. Employees must be able to comply with rectivethe di
3. Employees must think that the directive is in keeping with
organizational
4. Employees must think that the directive is not contrary to
their personal goal.
HUMAN RESOURCES SCHOOL
- Begin in the early 1950s, the human resources school
represented a substantial progression from human relations

INTEGRATING THE MANAGEMENT THEORIES


– Can help integrate the theories of management

SYSTEM THEORY
- It is composed of inputs from the environment ( Material
or human resources), transformation processes of inputs to
finished goods (Technological and managerial process),
output of those finished goods into the
environment(Product or services) and feedback (Reaction
from environment).
CONTINGENCY VIEW
- In mid-1960s , the contingency view of management or
situational approach emerged.

EMERGING MANAGEMENT POSITION


- New management viewpoints are emerging. Quality
management emphasizes achieving customer satisfaction by
providing high quality goods and services. Reengineering the
organization redesigns the processes that are crucial to
customer satisfaction.

- Chaos models the corporation as a complex adaptive


system that interacts and evolves with its surroundings.

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