Introduction to C++

The Parts of a C++ Program (1 of 2)

◙ C++ programs have parts and components that serve specific purposes
◙ Let’s examine the C++ program in Figure-1
// sample C++ program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello, world!";
return 0;
}
Figure-1: C++ Program 2
The Parts of a C++ Program (2 of 2)

3
 Comments
◙ The // marks the beginning of a comment.
◙ The C++ compiler ignores everything from the double slash to the end
of the line, so they do not cause the computer to perform any action
when the C++ program executes.
◙ A comment that begins with // is called a single-line comment, because
it terminates at the end of the line on which it appears.
◙ A // comment also can begin in the middle of a line and continue until
the end of that line.
◙ Delimited comments begin with the delimiter /* and end with the
delimiter */. All text between the delimiters is ignored by the compiler

4
 Special Characters
Character Name Meaning
// Double slash Beginning of a comment

# Pound sign Beginning of preprocessor directive

<> Open/close brackets Enclose filename in #include

() Open/close parentheses Used when naming a function

{} Open/close brace Encloses a group of statements

"" Open/close quotation marks Encloses string of characters

; Semicolon End of a programming statement

5
 The cout Object (1 of 3)

◙ Displays output on the computer screen

◙ Programmer use the stream insertion operator << to send output to

cout:

cout << "Programming is fun!";

6
 The cout Object (2 of 3)

◙ Can be used to send more than one item to cout:

cout << "Hello " << "there!";

Or:

cout << "Hello ";

cout << "there!";

7
 The cout Object (3 of 3)

◙ This produces one line of output:

cout << "Programming is ";

cout << "fun!";

8
 The endl Manipulator (1 of 3)

◙ You can use the endl manipulator to start a new line of output. This
will produce two lines of output:

cout << "Programming is" << endl;

cout << "fun!";

9
 The endl Manipulator (2 of 3)

cout << "Programming is" << endl;

cout << "fun!";

10
 The endl Manipulator (3 of 3)

◙ You do NOT put quotation marks around endl

◙ The last character in endl is a lowercase L, not the number 1.

11
 The \n Escape Sequence (1 of 2)

◙ You can also use the \n escape sequence to start a new line of
output. This will produce two lines of output:

12
The \n Escape Sequence (2 of 2)

cout << "Programming is\n";

cout << "fun!";

13
 The #include Directive
◙ Inserts the contents of another file into the program
◙ This is a preprocessor directive, not part of C++ language
◙ #include lines not seen by compiler
◙ Do not place a semicolon at end of #include line

14
 Variables and Literals
◙ Variable: a storage location in memory

◘ Has a name and a type of data it can hold

◘ Must be defined before it can be used:

int item;

15
Variable Definition

16
 Literals
◙ Literal: a value that is written into a program’s code.

"hello, there" (string literal)

12 (integer literal)

17
Integer Literal

18
String Literals

19
 Identifiers
◙ An identifier is a programmer-defined name for some part of a
program: variables, functions, etc.

20
 C++ Key Words

You cannot use any of the C++ key words as an identifier. These words have reserved meaning.
21
 Variable Names
◙ A variable name should represent the purpose of the variable. For
example:

itemsOrdered

The purpose of this variable is to hold the number of items ordered.

22
 Identifier Rules
◙ The first character of an identifier must be an alphabetic character or
and underscore ( _ ),
◙ After the first character you may use alphabetic characters, numbers,
or underscore characters.
◙ Upper- and lowercase characters are distinct

23
 Valid and Invalid Identifiers
IDENTIFIER VALID? REASON IF INVALID
totalSales Yes Blank cell

total_Sales Yes Blank cell

total.Sales No Cannot contain .

4thQtrSales No Cannot begin with digit

totalSale$ No Cannot contain $

24
 Integer Data Types
◙ Integer variables can hold whole numbers such as 12, 7, and −99.

25
 Defining Variables
◙ Variables of the same type can be defined
◘ On separate lines:
■ int length;
■ int width;
■ unsigned int area;
◘ On the same line:
■ int length, width;
■ unsigned int area;
◙ Variables of different types must be in different definitions

26
Integer Types in Program 2-11

27
 Integer Literals (1 of 2)

◙ An integer literal is an integer value that is typed into a program’s

code. For example:

itemsOrdered = 15;

In this code, 15 is an integer literal.

28
Integer Literals in Program 2-11

29
 Integer Literals (2 of 2)

◙ Integer literals are stored in memory as ints by default

◙ To store an integer constant in a long memory location, put ‘L’ at the
end of the number: 1234L
◙ To store an integer constant in a long long memory location, put ‘LL’ at
the end of the number: 324LL
◙ Constants that begin with ‘0’ (zero) are base 8: 075
◙ Constants that begin with ‘0x’ are base 16: 0x75A

30
 The char Data Type
◙ Used to hold characters or very small integer values
◙ Usually 1 byte of memory
◙ Numeric value of character from the character set is stored in memory:

CODE: MEMORY:
char letter; letter
letter = 'C';
67

31
 Character Literals (1 of 2)

◙ Character literals must be enclosed in single quote marks. Example:

'A'

32
Character Literals (2 of 2)

33
 Character Strings
◙ A series of characters in consecutive memory locations:
"Hello"
◙ Stored with the null terminator, \0, at the end:

◙ Comprised of the characters between the " "

34
 The C++ string Class
◙ Special data type supports working with strings
#include <string>
◙ Can define string variables in programs:
string firstName, lastName;
◙ Can receive values with assignment operator:
firstName = "George";
lastName = "Washington";
◙ Can be displayed via cout
cout << firstName << " " << lastName;

35
The string Class

36
 Floating-Point Data Types (1 of 2)

◙ The floating-point data types are:

float
double
long double
◙ They can hold real numbers such as:
12.45 -3.8
◙ Stored in a form similar to scientific notation
◙ All floating-point numbers are signed

37
Floating-Point Data Types (2 of 2)

38
 Floating-Point Literals
◙ Can be represented in
Fixed point (decimal) notation:
31.4159 0.0000625
E notation:
3.14159E1 6.25e-5
◙ Are double by default
◙ Can be forced to be float (3.14159f) or long double (0.0000625L)

39
Floating-Point Data Types in Program 2-17

40
 The bool Data Type
◙ Represents values that are true or false
◙ bool variables are stored as small integers
◙ false is represented by 0, true by 1:
allDone finished
bool allDone = true;
bool finished = false; 1 0

41
Boolean Variables

42
 Determining the Size of a Data Type
◙ The sizeof operator gives the size of any data type or variable :

double amount;
cout << "A double is stored in "
<< sizeof(double) << "bytes\n";
cout << "Variable amount is stored in "
<< sizeof(amount)
<< "bytes\n";

43
Variable Assignments and Initialization
◙ An assignment statement uses the = operator to store a value in a
variable.

item = 12;

◙ This statement assigns the value 12 to the item variable.

44
 Assignment
◙ The variable receiving the value must appear on the left side of the =
operator.
◙ This will NOT work:

// ERROR!
12 = item;

45
 Variable Initialization (1 of 2)

◙ To initialize a variable means to assign it a value when it is defined:

int length = 12;

◙ Can initialize some or all variables:

int length = 12, width = 5, area;

46
Variable Initialization (2 of 2)

47
Declaring Variables With the auto Key Word
◙ C++ 11 introduces an alternative way to define variables, using the
auto key word and an initialization value. Here is an example:

◙ The auto key word tells the compiler to determine the variable’s data
type from the initialization value.

48
 Scope
◙ The scope of a variable: the part of the program in which the variable
can be accessed
◙ A variable cannot be used before it is defined

49
Variable Out of Scope

50
 Arithmetic Operators (1 of 2)

◙ Used for performing numeric calculations

◙ C++ has unary, binary, and ternary operators:
◘ unary (1 operand) -5
◘ binary (2 operands) 13 - 7
◘ ternary (3 operands) exp1 ? exp2 : exp3

51
 Binary Arithmetic Operators

SYMBOL OPERATION EXAMPLE VALUE OF ans

+ addition ans = 7 + 3; 10

- subtraction ans = 7 - 3; 4

* multiplication ans = 7 * 3; 21

/ division ans = 7 / 3; 2

% modulus ans = 7 % 3; 1

52
Arithmetic Operators (2 of 2)

53
 A Closer Look at the / Operator
◙ / (division) operator performs integer division if both operands are
integers
cout << 13 / 5; // displays 2
cout << 91 / 7; // displays 13
◙ If either operand is floating point, the result is floating point
cout << 13 / 5.0; // displays 2.6
cout << 91.0 / 7; // displays 13.0

54
 A Closer Look at the % Operator
◙ % (modulus) operator computes the remainder resulting from integer
division
cout << 13 % 5; // displays 3
◙ % requires integers for both operands
cout << 13 % 5.0; // error

55
 Comments
◙ Used to document parts of the program
◙ Intended for persons reading the source code of the program:
◘ Indicate the purpose of the program
◘ Describe the use of variables
◘ Explain complex sections of code
◙ Are ignored by the compiler

56
 Single-Line Comments
◙ Begin with // through to the end of line:
int length = 12; // length in inches
int width = 15; // width in inches
int area; // calculated area

// calculate rectangle area

area = length * width;

57
 Multi-Line Comments
◙ Begin with /*, end with */
◙ Can span multiple lines:
/* this is a multi-line
comment
*/
◙ Can begin and end on the same line:
int area; /* calculated area */

58
 Named Constants
◙ Named constant (constant variable): variable whose content cannot
be changed during program execution
◙ Used for representing constant values with descriptive names:
◘ const double TAX_RATE = 0.0675;
◘ const int NUM_STATES = 50;
◙ Often named in uppercase letters

59
Named Constants in Program 2-28

60
 Programming Style
◙ The visual organization of the source code
◙ Includes the use of spaces, tabs, and blank lines
◙ Does not affect the syntax of the program
◙ Affects the readability of the source code

61