Scribd
Upload
12 views24 pages

Solution Chemistry

The document discusses various topics relating to solutions including properties of solutions, types of solutions, concentrations of solutions, and colligative properties of solutions. Key points covered include how solutions are formed, classification of solutions as saturated or unsaturated, factors that affect solubility, and how adding a solute affects vapor pressure, freezing point, and boiling point of the solvent.

Uploaded by

Jisna Jaison
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views24 pages

Solution Chemistry

The document discusses various topics relating to solutions including properties of solutions, types of solutions, concentrations of solutions, and colligative properties of solutions. Key points covered include how solutions are formed, classification of solutions as saturated or unsaturated, factors that affect solubility, and how adding a solute affects vapor pressure, freezing point, and boiling point of the solvent.

Uploaded by

Jisna Jaison
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Solutions

Solution Chemistry

Properties of Solutions
Types of Solutions
Concentrations of Solutions
Colligative Properties of Solutions
Parts of a solution
 A solution is a
HOMOGENEOUS
mixture of 2 or more
substances in a single
phase.
 One constituent is
usually regarded as the
SOLVENT and the
others as SOLUTES.
Solute + Solvent = Solution
 SOLUTE – the part of a Solute Solvent Example
solution that is being
solid solid Alloys (brass, steel)
dissolved (usually the
lesser amount)
solid liquid Salt water
 SOLVENT – the part of
a solution that dissolves gas solid Air bubbles in ice
the solute (usually the cubes
greater amount) liquid liquid mixed drinks

gas liquid Soft drinks

gas gas Air


Terms
 Liquids that are soluble in each other
are said to be miscible
 Liquids that are insoluble in each
other are immiscible
 Remember “like dissolves like.”
 Polar substances dissolve in polar
substances
 Nonpolar substances dissolve in
nonpolar substances
Types of Solutions
 Solutions can be classified as
saturated or unsaturated.
 A saturated solution contains the
maximum quantity of solute that
dissolves at that temperature.
 An unsaturated solution contains less
than the maximum amount of solute
that can dissolve at a particular
temperature
Supersaturated Solutions
 Contain more solute than is
possible to be dissolved
 Supersaturated solutions are
unstable. The supersaturation is
only temporary, and usually
accomplished in one of two
ways:
• Warm the solvent so that it will
dissolve more, then cool the
solution
• Evaporate some of the solvent
carefully so that the solute does
not solidify and come out of
solution.
Practical Application

 Supersaturated
solution of
sodium acetate
to make a “heat
pack.”
Ionic Solutions
 How do we know ions
are present in aqueous
solutions?
 The solutions conduct
electricity!
 They are called
ELECTROLYTES
 HCl, MgCl , and NaCl
2
are strong electrolytes.
They dissociate
completely (or nearly
so) into ions.
Nonelectrolytes

 Substances that
dissolve in water but
do not conduct
electricity:
 Sugar
 Ethanol

 Ethylene Glycol
Electrolytes in the Body

 Carry messages to and


from the brain as
electrical signals
 Maintain cellular function
with the correct
concentrations
electrolytes
Solubility

 Factors affecting solubility:


 Temperature – In general, solubility
increases with temperature
 Pressure - The higher the pressure
above a liquid, the more soluble the gas
is in the liquid.
Temperature and Solubility
Pressure and Solubility
Concentration of Solutions
 The amount of solute in a solution is given by its
concentration.
concentration

moles solute
Molarity(M) =liters of solution
Learning Check
 How many grams of NaOH
are required to prepare 400.
mL of 3.0 M NaOH
solution?

 47 g
Concentration Units

 An IDEAL SOLUTION is
one where the properties
depend only on the
concentration of solute.
 Need concentration units to
tell us the number of solute
particles per solvent particle.
 The unit Molarity does not do
this
Other concentration units:

 Molality (m)
mol solute
m of solution=
kilograms solvent

grams solute
 % by mass =
grams solution
Colligative Properties
 On adding a solute to a solvent, the properties
of the solvent are modified.
 Vapor pressure  decreases
 Freezing point  decreases
 Boiling point  increases
 Osmosis is possible (osmotic pressure)
 These changes are called COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES.
 They depend only on the NUMBER of solute
particles relative to solvent particles, not on
the KIND of solute particles.
Vapor Pressure
•If we add a solute to a liquid, the
amount of surface area available
for the escaping solvent
molecules is reduced because
some of that area is occupied by
solute particles. Therefore, the
solvent molecules will have a
lower probability to escape the
solution than the pure solvent.
That fact is reflected in the lower
vapor pressure for a solution
relative to the pure solvent.
Freezing Point Depression
 When water freezes, the
molecules take on an
orderly pattern. The
presence of a solute in
water disrupts the
formation of this pattern.
More kinetic energy
(temperature) must be
withdrawn for the water to
solidify, thus lowering the
temperature at which it
will freeze.
Boiling Point Elevation

 Since a substance boils when the vapor


pressure of the liquid equals the
atmospheric pressure, and adding a
solute decreases vapor pressure, the
boiling point of the solution will be higher
than the pure solvent.
Osmosis in cells: Through a cell membrane, water flows
towards the more concentrated solution.
A little solution humor…

 What do you call a tooth in a glass of


water?
 A one “molar” solution!

You might also like