Solution Chemistry
Solution Chemistry
Solution Chemistry
Properties of Solutions
Types of Solutions
Concentrations of Solutions
Colligative Properties of Solutions
Parts of a solution
A solution is a
HOMOGENEOUS
mixture of 2 or more
substances in a single
phase.
One constituent is
usually regarded as the
SOLVENT and the
others as SOLUTES.
Solute + Solvent = Solution
SOLUTE – the part of a Solute Solvent Example
solution that is being
solid solid Alloys (brass, steel)
dissolved (usually the
lesser amount)
solid liquid Salt water
SOLVENT – the part of
a solution that dissolves gas solid Air bubbles in ice
the solute (usually the cubes
greater amount) liquid liquid mixed drinks
Supersaturated
solution of
sodium acetate
to make a “heat
pack.”
Ionic Solutions
How do we know ions
are present in aqueous
solutions?
The solutions conduct
electricity!
They are called
ELECTROLYTES
HCl, MgCl , and NaCl
2
are strong electrolytes.
They dissociate
completely (or nearly
so) into ions.
Nonelectrolytes
Substances that
dissolve in water but
do not conduct
electricity:
Sugar
Ethanol
Ethylene Glycol
Electrolytes in the Body
moles solute
Molarity(M) =liters of solution
Learning Check
How many grams of NaOH
are required to prepare 400.
mL of 3.0 M NaOH
solution?
47 g
Concentration Units
An IDEAL SOLUTION is
one where the properties
depend only on the
concentration of solute.
Need concentration units to
tell us the number of solute
particles per solvent particle.
The unit Molarity does not do
this
Other concentration units:
Molality (m)
mol solute
m of solution=
kilograms solvent
grams solute
% by mass =
grams solution
Colligative Properties
On adding a solute to a solvent, the properties
of the solvent are modified.
Vapor pressure decreases
Freezing point decreases
Boiling point increases
Osmosis is possible (osmotic pressure)
These changes are called COLLIGATIVE
PROPERTIES.
They depend only on the NUMBER of solute
particles relative to solvent particles, not on
the KIND of solute particles.
Vapor Pressure
•If we add a solute to a liquid, the
amount of surface area available
for the escaping solvent
molecules is reduced because
some of that area is occupied by
solute particles. Therefore, the
solvent molecules will have a
lower probability to escape the
solution than the pure solvent.
That fact is reflected in the lower
vapor pressure for a solution
relative to the pure solvent.
Freezing Point Depression
When water freezes, the
molecules take on an
orderly pattern. The
presence of a solute in
water disrupts the
formation of this pattern.
More kinetic energy
(temperature) must be
withdrawn for the water to
solidify, thus lowering the
temperature at which it
will freeze.
Boiling Point Elevation