Department of

Electronics and Communication Engineering NBA Accredited

Communication Systems
Module-2

Satish Kanapala
Assistant Professor
Department of ECE
 Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering NBA Accredited
Syllabus : Module-2
UNIT I: DIGITAL TRANSMISSION:
Sampling, the basis for digital communications, Quantization, PCM, line coding, and reducing ISI
UNIT II: DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEME:
Digital carrier modulation, including ASK, FSK, PSK, QPSK, and QAM SNR and system
performance

TEXT BOOKS:
1. B.P. Lathi and Z. Ding “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems”, 5th Edition, Oxford
University Press, 2018.
2. S.L. Kalkani and Priyanka “Communication Systems”, 5th Edition, New Age International Publications,
2017.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
3. Simon Haykin and Michael Moher “Communication Systems” 5th Edition, Wiley, 2009.
4. Bruce Carlson and P.B Chilly, Communication System, 5th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2011
5. Herbert Taub and Donald L Schilling, Principles of Communication Systems, 4th edition, Tata McGraw
Hill, 2012
 Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering NBA Accredited

Advantages and Disadvantages

of
Digital Communication Systems
 Advantages of Digital Communications
• A large amount of noise and interference may be tolerated
i.e., more immunity to noise and external interference
 Advantages of Digital Communications
• A large amount of noise and interference may be tolerated
i.e., more immunity to noise and external interference

• The greatest advantage of DC over AC is the usage of regenerative

repeaters

Cleaned-up
Signal + Noise
Signal Signal
 Advantages of Digital Communications
• Digital communication systems are simpler and cheaper because of the
advanced made in the IC technologies
 Advantages of Digital Communications
• Digital communication systems are simpler and cheaper because of the
advanced made in the IC technologies

• Digital hardware implementation is flexible and permits the use of

microprocessors, digital switching and VLSI circuits
 Advantages of Digital Communications
• Digital communication systems are simpler and cheaper because of the
advanced made in the IC technologies

• Digital hardware implementation is flexible and permits the use of

microprocessors, digital switching and VLSI circuits

• Digital Signals can be Coded to yield extremely low error rates and high
fidelity as well as privacy
 Advantages of Digital Communications
• It is easier and more efficient to multiplex several digital signals
 Advantages of Digital Communications
• It is easier and more efficient to multiplex several digital signals

• Digital signal storage is relatively easy and inexpensive

 Advantages of Digital Communications
• It is easier and more efficient to multiplex several digital signals

• Digital signal storage is relatively easy and inexpensive

• In D.C, reproduction of digital messages is extremely reliable

without deterioration
 Advantages of Digital Communications
• It is easier and more efficient to multiplex several digital signals

• Digital signal storage is relatively easy and inexpensive

• In D.C, reproduction of digital messages is extremely reliable without

deterioration

• In DC, channel coding is used, therefore the errors may be detected

and corrected in receivers
 Advantages of Digital Communications
• It is easier and more efficient to multiplex several digital signals

• Digital signal storage is relatively easy and inexpensive

• In D.C, reproduction of digital messages is extremely reliable without

deterioration

• In DC, channel coding is used, therefore the errors may be detected

and corrected in receivers

• The capacity of the channel is effectively utilized by digital signals

 Disadvantages of Digital Communications
• Due to analog to digital conversion, the data rate becomes high;
more transmission bandwidth is required for digital communication
 Disadvantages of Digital Communications
• Due to analog to digital conversion, the data rate becomes high; more
transmission bandwidth is required for digital communication

• Digital communication needs synchronization in case of synchronous

modulation
 Disadvantages of Digital Communications
• Due to analog to digital conversion, the data rate becomes high; more
transmission bandwidth is required for digital communication

• Digital communication needs synchronization in case of synchronous

modulation

• Circuits are more complex and sophisticated

Elements of Digital Communication Systems

Discrete Source Channel

Information Modulator
Source Encoder Encoder

Channel

Destination Source Channel Demodulator

Decoder Decoder
 Elements of Digital Communication Systems
Discrete Source
Information
Channel Modulator
Source Encoder Encoder

Channel

Destination Source Channel Demodulator

Decoder Decoder

The output of discrete information source are alphabets or sequence of

messages.
 Elements of Digital Communication Systems
Discrete Source Channel
Information Modulator
Source Encoder Encoder

Channel

Destination Source Channel Demodulator

Decoder Decoder

Source Encoder converts the symbols into binary form using some algorithm
 Elements of Digital Communication Systems
Discrete Source Channel
Information Modulator
Source Encoder Encoder

Channel

Destination Source Channel Demodulator

Decoder Decoder

Channel Encoder: add some extra bits to the output of source encoder
using some algorithm.
 Elements of Digital Communication Systems
Discrete Source Channel
Information Modulator
Source Encoder Encoder

Channel

Destination Source Channel Demodulator

Decoder Decoder
 Elements of Digital Communication Systems
Discrete Source Channel
Information Modulator
Source Encoder Encoder

Channel

Destination Source Channel Demodulator

Decoder Decoder

Channel provides the electrical connection between the transmitter and

the receiver.
Elements of Digital Communication Systems

Types of Channels

Wired channel Wireless channel

 Elements of Digital Communication Systems
Discrete Source Channel
Information Modulator
Source Encoder Encoder

Channel

Destination Source Channel Demodulator

Decoder Decoder

Demodulation is the reverse process of modulator, converts the input

modulated signal into the sequence of binary bits.
 Elements of Digital Communication Systems
Discrete Source Channel
Information Modulator
Source Encoder Encoder

Channel

Destination Source Channel Demodulator

Decoder Decoder

It recovers the information bits from the received bits. Error detection and
possible correction is also performed by it.
 Elements of Digital Communication Systems
Discrete Source Channel
Information Modulator
Source Encoder Encoder

Channel

Source Channel
Destination Demodulator
Decoder Decoder

Source Decoder: converts the information bits into a sequence of

symbols.
 Elements of Pulse Code Modulation
In PCM, a message signal is represented by a sequence of coded pulses, which is
accomplished by representing the signal in discrete form in both time and amplitude

In PCM, a message signal is represented by a sequence of coded pulses, which is

accomplished by representing the signal in discrete form in both time and amplitude
 Elements of Pulse Code Modulation
A PCM system consists of three main parts
1. Transmitter
2. Transmission path
3. Receiver

PCM systems are complex in that the message signal is

subjected to a large no.of operations Sampling, quantization and
encoding operations are usually performed in the same circuit,
known as analog-to-digital converter(ADC).
 Elements of Pulse Code Modulation

Regeneration of impaired signals occurs at intermediate points

along the transmission path.

The operation of decoding and reconstruction are usually

performed in the same circuit, known as digital to analog
converter (DAC)
 Elements of Pulse Code Modulation

LPF:
A low-pass pre-aliasing filter is used prior to the sampler in
order to exclude the frequencies greater than fm Hz before
sampling.

Sampler:
Sampling is the process of converting the continuous-time signal
into the discrete-time signal.
 Elements of Pulse Code Modulation

The incoming message signal is sampled with a train of narrow

rectangular pulses so as to closely approximate the instantaneous
sampling process.

For perfect reconstruction of the message signal at the receiver,

the sampling frequency must be greater than or equal to twice the
highest frequency component of the message signal.
 Elements of Pulse Code Modulation
Quantizer:
Quantizer converts discrete-time continuous amplitude signal into
discrete-time discrete amplitude signal.
Quantization is the process of approximating the amplitude of
each sample to the nearest quantization level (ex: integer).
 Elements of Pulse Code Modulation

Encoder:
By the processes of sampling and quantization, the specification of
a continuous message signal is converted into a discrete signal, but
not in the form best suited for transmission over a channel.

To utilize the advantages of sampling and quantization, we require

the use of an encoding process, to translate the discrete set of
sample values to a more appropriate form of signal.
 Elements of Pulse Code Modulation

Encoder:
 Elements of Pulse Code Modulation

REGENETRATIVE REPEATER:
The most important feature of the PCM systems lies in the ability to
control the effects of distortion and noise produced by transmitting
a PCM wave through a channel.

Three basic functions: 1. Equalization

2. Timing
3. Decision Making
Elements of Pulse Code Modulation
 Elements of Pulse Code Modulation
Equalizer shapes the received pulses so as to compensate for the
effects of amplitude and phase distortions.

The timing circuit provides a periodic pulse train, derived from

the received pulses, for sampling the equalized pulses at the
instants of time where SNR is maximum.

The decision device is enabled at the sampling times determined

by the timing circuit. It makes it’s decision based on whether the
amplitude of the quantized pulse plus noise exceeds a
predetermined voltage level.
Elements of Pulse Code Modulation
 Elements of Pulse Code Modulation

In each bit interval, a decision is made based on the received

signal amplitude exceeds the threshold or not.

• If it exceeds the threshold,

a clean new pulse representing symbol 1 is transmitted to
the next repeater.

• otherwise, a clean baseline is transmitted.

 Elements of Pulse Code Modulation
Ideally, except for delay, the regenerated signal is exactly the
same as the signal that was originally transmitted.

In practice, the regenerated signal departs from the original signal

for two main reasons
1. The unavoidable presence of channel noise and interference causes the
repeater to make wrong decisions occasionally, thereby introducing bit
errors into the regenerated signal.
2. If the spacing between received pulses deviates from its assigned value, a
jitter is introduced into the regenerated pulse position, thereby causing
distortion.
 Elements of Pulse Code Modulation
Decoder: The first operation in the receiver is to regenerate (i.e.,
reshape and clean up) the Received. These clean pulses are then
regrouped into code words and decoded into a quantized PAM
signal.

Reconstruction Filter: The final operation in the receiver is to

recover the analog message signal. This is done by passing the
decoder output through a low-pass reconstruction filter whose
cut-off frequency is equal to the message bandwidth.