Chapter 3

part-I
Analysis and design of two-way slabs
 3.1.Introduction
 In reinforced concrete construction, slab used to provide flat,
useful surfaces.
slab is referred to as a two-way slab when
the slab is supported on all four sides and the length L ,
is less than twice the width,
 the slab will deflect in two directions, and
the loads on the slab are transferred to all four supports.
The bending moments and deflections in such slabs are less
than those in one-way slabs.
Analysis and design of two way slabs system is a lot more
complex as load transfer is in two orthogonal directions and
computing the design actions is not straight forward as in one-
way slabs.
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• In many cases, rectangular slabs are of such proportions
and are supported in such a way that two- way action
results. When loaded, such slab bent in a dished surface
rather than a cylindrical one.

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3.2. Analysis and design of two-way slabs
• Simply supported slabs

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The values in the table are derived from the following
equations

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Rectangular panels with restrained edges

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Loads on supporting Beams

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 Example
Design a solid slab spanning in two directions and simply supported
along each edge on beams as shown in figure below. The slab is
rectangular in plan and measure 5m by 6m between the center of the
supports. In addition to self-weight the slab carries a characteristic
dead load of 0.5KN/m2 and imposed load of 5KN/m2. Use C25/30,
S400 and Cover 25 mm

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 solution
Step 1: design constants
C25/30 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 14.1667 𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 2.6 𝑚𝑝𝑎

S400 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 347.826 𝑀𝑝𝑎

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 Step 2: depth determination

….(1)

….(2)

Assumption: - Slab is lightly reinforced (𝜌 = 0.5 %)

𝜌𝑜 = ∗ 10-3 = ∗ 10-3 = 5 ∗ 10-3
applying equation 1
K=1.0, = 18.5 because we used S400 multiply the value by =1.25
= 18.5 *1.25 =23.125 l=lx =5000mm d = 216.22mm
Using ∅ 10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 25 𝑚𝑚, D = 216.22 + 25 +
= 246.22mm 𝑈𝑠𝑒 D = 250 𝑚𝑚

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 Step 3: loading
Permanent load
 Slab self weight =0.25*25 = 6.25KN/m2
 Additional dead load = 0.5KN/m2
 Total = 6.75KN/m2
Variable Loading
 Imposed load on slab = 5KN/m2
Design load for the slab
𝑃𝑑 = 1.35 𝐷𝐿 + 1.5 𝐿𝐿 = 1.35 ∗ 6.75 + 1.5 ∗ 5
= 16.613𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚2

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Step 4: analysis

Msx=αsxpdlx2 , Msy=αsy pdlx2

Ly/lx =6/5 = 1.2
αsx = 0.084 αsy = 0.059 [from table]
Msx=αsxpdlx2 =0.084*16.613*52 =34.89KNm
Msy=αsy pdlx2 =
0.059*16.613*52 =24.5KNm

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Step 5: design for flexure

For short span with reinforcement in bottom layer

d1= 250 -25 -10/2 =220mm
𝑎𝑠 = 78.5 𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 14.1667 𝑚𝑝𝑎 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 347.826 𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.26 ∗ 𝑏𝑡𝑑 > 0.0013𝑏𝑡𝑑 = 371.8𝑚𝑚2
As.max =0.04Ac =0.04*1000*220 =8800mm2
= =0.849
Z=0.849*220mm =186.78mm
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 As =537.04mm2

Smin =

Smax400mm
Number of bars = = 6.84 =7

Provide 7∅ 10 𝐶|𝐶 210 𝑚𝑚 per meter

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For longer span
d2 =250-25-10-10/2 =210mm
= =0.745
Z=0.745*210mm =156.45mm
As =450.22mm2

Smin =

Number of bars = = 5.73 =6

Provide 6∅ 10 𝐶|𝐶 210 𝑚𝑚 per meter

Secondary reinforcement = 20% As main (homework)

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 Step 6: Check for deflection
Control by limiting span/effective depth ratio based on short span for a
two-way spanning slab
ρ = = = 0.00244=0.244%
Basic limiting span /effective depth ratios are,
For concrete lightly stressed(ρ = 0.5%) 20
For concrete highly stressed (ρ = 1.5%) 14
By interpolation at ρ =0.244% 18.98
The actual service steel stress modification factor is
= = =1.279
Therefore ,the permissible span/effective depth ratio is
18.89*1.279 =24.16
Since span not greater than 7m no further adjustment is required.
Actual span/effective depth ratio =5000/220 =22.72 <24.16 ok
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 Step 7: check shear capacity of the slab
Shear resistance of concrete alone, VRd,c

CRD,C =0.18/γc =0.18/1.5 =0.12N/mm2

K= 1+ ≤ 2 =1+ =1.96 ≤2 …ok ,k=1.96, k1=0.15
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035𝐾3⁄2𝑓𝑐𝑘1 /2 =0.035*1.963/2*251/2 = 0.4802
Taking minimum reinforcement
𝜌 = = =0.00173 < 0.02

σcp = = ≤ 0.2 fcd = 0 ……..[as there is no axial load]

VRD,C =[0.12*1.96(100*0.00173*25)1/3 +0.15*0]1000*215]

= 82.4KN > 103.243KN[0.4802*1000*215]…..not ok
Therefore, VRD,C =103.243KN
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Maximum acting shear
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 𝑃𝑑(0.5𝑙𝑛 - 𝑑)𝑏𝑤
Assuming the beam width to be 200 mm
𝑝𝑑 = 16.613𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚2 𝑙𝑛 = 5 - 0.2 = 4.8𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 16.613(0.5(4.8) - 0.215) ∗ 1
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 36.3 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑅𝐷,𝐶 > 𝑉𝑠𝑑 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑡e

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Step 8: Detailing
• Reinforcement details only for bottom layer is
shown below

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step 9: Load transfer to beam
To consider pattern loading, load is transferred separately for dead and live
load cases.
Factored dead load = 1.35 ∗ 6.75 = 9.1125 𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚2
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 1.5 ∗ 5 = 7.5 𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚2
• Case 1 Dead load
𝑞𝑖 = 9.1125 𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚2

for short span for long span

vsx = βvxpdlx vsy = βvypdlx
βvx = 0.39 βvy =0.33
vsx = 0.39*9.1125*5 vsy = 0.33*9.1125*5
= 17.77KN =15.03KN
• Case 2 Live load
𝑞𝑖 = 7.5 𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚2

vsx = 0.39*7.5*5 vsy = 0.33*7.5*5

Friday, = 14.625KN
April 12, 2024 =12.375KN 23
 Part II

3.3.Analysis and design of flat slabs

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 Introduction
What is a flat slab?
A reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete
columns without the use of beams

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• Flat slabs with drop panel and column head are suitable
for spans up to 9 m and LL > 5.0 KN/m2 such as in
storage, Warehouses, parking lots, and garages where
structures carry heavy loads. For lighter loads flat plates
are suitable.

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Advantages of flat slabs
Flexibility in room layout
 Saving in building height
Simplified formwork
Shorter construction time
no beams to obstruct the light and the circulation of air.
Economical construction

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Flexibility in room layout

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 Saving in building height

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 Analysis of flat slabs
There are two methods for the analysis of flat slabs
Equivalent frame method
Simplified direct method

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Simplified Direct Method
For analysis purpose, the panel in flat slab is divided
into column strip and middle strip as shown below

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• A column strip is a design strip with a width on each side of a
column centerline equal to 0.25 lx or if drops with dimensions not
less than lx/3 are used, width equal to the drop dimension.
• Middle strip is a design strip bounded by two column strips.
• The drop panels are rectangular or square and influence the
distribution of moments with in the slabs.
• Effective diameter of a column on a column head is defined as the
diameter of a circle whose area equals the cross-sectional area of
the column or, if column heads are used effective head dimensions,
as shown below.

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• The following limitations shall be observed when using
the simplified method:
• Design is based on the single load case of all spans
loaded with the maximum design ultimate load.
• There are at least three rows of panels of
approximately equal span in the direction being
considered.
• Successive span length in each direction shall not
differ by more than one-third of the longer span.
• Maximum offsets of columns from either axis between
center lines of successive columns shall not exceed
10% of the span (in the direction of the offset).

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• Bending Moment and Shear Force Coefficients for Flat
Slabs using the simplified direct method are given below.

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Table 3.2.2 Distribution of Design Moments in Panels

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Design Considerations
Internal panels
• The column and middle strips shall be designed to
withstand the design moments
• Two-thirds of the amount of reinforcement required to
resist the negative design moment in the column strip
shall be placed in a width equal to half that of the
column strip and central with the column.

Edge panels
Same as internal panels
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Design of slabs for punching shear
• The punching shear failure mechanism can occur in any two-
way spanning members which are supported directly by
columns or which are acted on by heavy concentrated loads.

• Thus, for punching shear, the average shear stress becomes:

υ = V/udav
Where u = length of the critical perimeter
dav = average of the two effective depths.
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Critical shear perimeter

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• The shear strength, υc, for members subjected to
punching, is calculated differently
υc = 0.5fctdk1k2udav
• Where
k1  1  50  e   2.0
k 2  1.6  d  1.0
d av  d x  d y  2

 e   ex   ey   0.015
1
2

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• When the punching shear force due to applied loads is
eccentric to the loaded area or the force is combined with a
moment as would happen in an edge or corner column the
adverse effect of the applied load is significantly increased.
• This effect is allowed for by the multiplication of the applied
force, Vsd , by a factor β.

Figure 3.2.12 Factor  to allow for eccentricity of loading

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 Example
The floor of a building constructed of flat slab is 30mx24m. The
column centers are 6m in x-direction and 7.5m in y direction and the
building is braced with shear walls. The panels are to have drops of
3mx3m with a thickness of 250mm and the slab thickness away from
the drop is 200mm. Column size 500mmx500mm. design panel S1
and S2 and check for punching failure using C-30 for concrete and S-
300 for reinforcement class I works. Given DL= self weight
+2.5KN/m2 for floor finish and partitions and LL=3.5KN/m2

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 S2

S1

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 solution
Since the slab dimension in each direction are equal and there are
more than three rows of panels in each direction, we can use the
simplified direct design method.
Design load calculation
 DL(self weight of slab) = 6x7.5x0.2x25=225KN
 DL due to weight of drop=4(1/4)x3x3x0.05x25=11.25KN
 DL from floor finish and partitions=6x7.5x2.5=112.5KN
 Total DL=225+11.25+112.5=348.5KN
 LL=3.5x6x7.5=157.5KN
 The total design ultimate load
F=1.35DL+1.5LL=1.35x348.5+1.5x157.5=706.725KN
 Equivalent uniform distributed load wd=F/A=706.725/(6x7.5)=
15.705KN/m2

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 Calculation of Design moments

i. Short direction (x-direction)

 Effective diameter of column hc====564.19mm
 L =L1-2/3hc =6-2/3(0.56419) =5.62m
1st interior support moment
M-ve = -0.063FL =-0.063*706.725*5.62 =-250.22KNm
interior support moment
M-ve = -0.055FL =-0.055*706.725*5.62 =-218.45KNm
interior span moment
M+ve = 0.071FL =0.071*706.725*5.62 = 281.99KNm

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ii. Longer direction (y-direction)
Effective diameter of column hc====564.19mm
 L =L1-2/3hc =7.5-2/3(0.56419) =7.12m
1st interior support moment
M-ve = -0.063FL =-0.063*706.725*7.12 =-317.01KNm
interior support moment
M-ve = -0.055FL =-0.055*706.725*7.12 =-276.75KNm
interior span moment
M+ve = 0.071FL =0.071*706.725*7.12 = 357.26KNm

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Moment Distribution in to middle and Column strips
Since drop size is equal to width of column strip with out
drop(Lx/2=3m), there is no need for moment adjustment.
c =0.75b -ve
a b d = b - c
c =0.55b +ve
Direction Total BM BM on Column strip BM on Middle strip
X M1-ve=-250.22 -187.665 -62.555
155.09 126.9
M+ve=281.99

M2-ve=-218.45 -54.61
-163.84

Y M1-ve=-317.01 -237.76 -79.25

M+ve=357.26 196.493 160.767

M2-ve=-276.75 -207.56 -69.19

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Effective depth calculation

Assume ϕ12 bar and clear cover of 15mm used

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 Check for shear punching(internal column slab connection)

Applied punching shear

Vup=F –((500*500 +4(500*1.5d)+π*(1.5d)2)*wd
Vup=706.725 –((500*500 +4(500*1.5*223)+π*(1.5*223)2)*15.705*10-6
=686.77KN
• Allowing for eccentricity using β=1.15 for internal column
• Veff = βVup =1.15*686.77 =789.786KN
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• Shear strength of concrete Vc
υc = 0.5fctdk1k2udav
use ρe=0.015 b/c ρex and ρey are larger than ρmin=0.0017
k1=1+50 ρe=1+50*0.0015=1.08
k2=1.6-dav=1.6-0.223=1.38
fctk=0.21fck2/3/γc=1.165
υc = 0.5*1.165*1.08*1.38*4101.73*223*10-3=794.09KN

Vc>Veff --------------Ok!!
No need of shear stirrups for punching.

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