COMPUTER SYSTEMS &

ORGANIZATION UNIT-I
CLASS:XI
What is
Computer?



Functions of a
Computer
• Any digital computer performs five functions
 Take data as input
 Stores data/instructions
 Process those stored data
 Generate the output
 Control all above steps
Components
 Software

• Software is a collection of instructions and data that

tell a computer how to work.
• Software comprises the entire set of programs,
procedures, and routines associated with the operation
of a computer system.
Hardware

• Computer hardware includes the physical parts of

a computer, such as the case, central processing
unit, monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data
storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers and
motherboard.
Computer Hardware
Components
Introductio
n

Introductio
n
 computer performs basically five major
irrespective of its size and make.
functions
 It accepts data or instructions by way of
input
 It storesdata
 It processes data as required by the user
 It controlsoperations of a computer I-P-O
Cycle
 It gives results in the form of output
INPU PROCES OUTPU
T S T
Von Neumann Architecture
Block Diagram of
Computer
 Block Diagram of
Computer
 The above diagram describes the basic layout of a
computer. A computer receives data and instructions
through "Input Devices" which get processed in Central
Processing Unit, "CPU" and the result is shown through
"Output Devices". The "Main / primary Memory" and
"Secondary / Auxiliary Memory" are used to store
data inside the computer. These are the basic
components that each computer possess. Each of these
components exists in various types and variety that
differ in shape, size, usage and performance. The user
makes a choice according to his specific
requirement.
CPU
 Stands for Central Processing Unit
 Also known as the Brain of Computer.
 It convert the Input into Output
 CPUperform its operation with the help of its 2
subunits :-
🞑 ALU : Arithmetic and Logic Unit
🞑 CU : Control Unit
ALU
 ALU Performall the arithmetical and
logical operations.
 Arithmetic operations like +, -, *, /
 Logical operation like comparison or decision
making like: >, <, =, >=, <=, <>
CU


Memory of
Computer
 Memory refers to the place where data is
stored temporarily or permanently.
 Input must goes to Memory Unit then only any action
on it can be performed.
 Computer Memory is basically of 2 types:
🞑 Primary Memory
 Primary or main memory stores information(data
and instruction)
🞑 Secondary Memory
 Stores the data permanently for future retreival
Primary
Memory
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
🞑 It
is the working memory, right from the booting of
computer till the computer is shutdown this
memory is in use to store all the operation done by
the computer
🞑 is used for primary storage in computers to hold
active information of data and instructions.
🞑 It holds data temporarily i.e. Volatile Memory

🞑 Data is lost if Power Off

Primary
Memory

• �
�

•🞑
• �
�
Primary Memory (Main Memory) –
Difference between RAM & ROM
Unit of
Memory
The elementary unit of memory is a bit (binary
digit) Zero(0) & One(1)

GROUP OF KNOWN AS
4 BIT NIBBLE
8 BIT BYTE
1024 BYTES 1 KILO BYTE(KB)
1024 KB 1 MEGA BYTE(MB)
1024 MB 1 GIGA BYTE(GB)
1024 GB 1 TERA BYTE(TB)
1024 TB 1 PETA BYTE(PB)
Secondary Storage
Devices
 If we want to save data for future reference and retrieval
then it needs to be saved in memory other than primary
memory, which is called secondary memory, or auxiliary
memory. Normally hard disk of computer is used as
secondary memory but this is not portable so there are
many other secondary storage media in use.
 Example:
🞑 Hard Disk
🞑 CD/DVD
🞑 Pen Drive
🞑 Floppy, etc.
Secondary Storage
Devices
 HARD DISK :
🞑 A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive, hard disk,
or disk drive) is a device for storing and retrieving
digital information, primarily computer data.
🞑 It consists of one or more rigid (hence "hard") rapidly
rotating discs (often referred to as platters), coated with
magnetic material and with magnetic heads arranged to
write data to the surfaces and read it from them.
🞑 Generally hard disks are sealed units fixed in the cabinet. It
is also known as fixed disk
Secondary Storage
Devices
 FLOPPY DISK : It is a data storage medium that is made
up of a disk of thin, flexible magnetic material enclosed in
a cover. Its capacity is 1.44 MB.

 COMPACTDISK (CD): Capacity of standard 120mm CD

is 700MB. It is a thin optical disk which is commonly
used to store audio and video data.
Transfer speed is mentioned as multiple of 150 KB/s.
4x means 600 KB/s.
Secondary Storage
Devices
 DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD) : This is an optical disc
storage device. It can be recorded on single side or on
double side. Its capacity may range from 4.7 GB to
8.5 GB.
 PEN DRIVE :This is smal , portable memory, which can be

plugged into a computer with USB Port.

They have capacity lesser than hard disk but much
larger than a floppy or CD. They are more reliable also.
They are also called pen drive.
Cache Memory
Cache Memory
• The advantages of cache memory are as follows −

• The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows −

Input
Devices
 These are the devices used to give to
input computer for processing.
 Input may be in formof text, images, audio,
etc.
 Input Devices example:
🞑 Keyboard
🞑 Mouse
🞑 Joystick
🞑 Scanner
🞑 Etc.
 KEYBOAR
D
Function
Keys Numeric
Keys

Control Key

Alt Key Enter Key

This is the most common input device which uses an arrangement of buttons
or keys. In a keyboard each press of a key typically corresponds to a single
written symbol. However some symbols require pressing and holding several
keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most keyboard keys produce
letters, numbers or characters, other keys or simultaneous key presses can
produce actions or computer commands.
 MOUS
E

Wired W ss
Mechanical Optical
Mouse Mouse
A mouse is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional
motion relative to its supporting surface. The mouse's motion typically
translates into the motion of a cursor on a display, which al ows for fine
control of a Graphical User Interface. A mouse primarily comprises of
three parts: the buttons, the handling area, and the rolling object. Using
left button of mouse different operations like selection, dragging, moving
and pasting can be done. With the right button we can open a context
menu for an item, if it is applicable.
 SCANNER
Scanner is a device that optically scans images,
printed text, handwriting, or an object, and
converts it to digital image.

JOYSTICK
A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots
on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it
is controlling.
Many people use joysticks on computer games
involving
flight such as flight simulator.
Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usual
y have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be
read by the computer
 TOUCH
SCREEN
A touch screen is a computer display screen that is also an input device.
The screens are sensitive to pressure; a user interacts with the computer
by touching pictures or words on the screen.

You may see it at as KIOSKS installed in various public places like ATM
machines, Railway’s PNRChecking machine etc.

MICROPHONE
It is used to input audio data into the computer. They are mainly
used for sound recording.
OUTPUT
DEVICE
 Output device is used to display the output to
user either in soft copy or hard copy.
 Soft copy output appears on monitor whereas
hard copy output appears on paper by printer.
 Various output devices are:
🞑 Monitor
🞑 Printer

🞑 Speaker

🞑 Projector etc.
Monitor
 Also known as Visual Display Unit (VDU)
 It is the primary output device where we see
the output. It looks like TV.
 Its display may be CRT, LCD or LED
 CRT – Cathode ray tube
 LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
 LED – Light Emitting Diode
Printer
 Printer produces output on paper.
 There are various types of printer available
in market like:
 Dot Matrix Printer : uses ribbon and hammer
technology. Its quality is not very good. Output
is printer by making object using smal dots.
Printer
 Inkjet/Deskjet Printer: is a type of computer printer
that creates a digital image by propelling droplets of ink
onto paper.
 Laser Printer : These printers use laser technology to
produce printed documents. These are very fast printers
and are used for high quality prints.
CMOS


BIO
S
 The basic input/output system (BIOS) is also commonly
known as the System BIOS. The BIOS is boot firmware, a
smal program that controls various electronic devices
attached to the main computer system.
 It is designed to be the first set of instructions run by a
Computer when powered on. The initial function of the
BIOS is to initialize system devices such as the RAM, hard
disk, CD/DVD drive, video display card, and other
hardware.
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