Maths creative assessment

Team - 6

1. Srinath.r
2. Yasaswitha reddy
3. Sudarshan singh
4. Suhas bc
5. Suhas gl

Teacher – vidya manoj mam

Taylor series and it’s
application
By
Srinath R
Information of Taylor series

What is the Taylor Series?

 The Taylor series is a way to write a function as an infinite
sum of terms that are constructed from the function’s
derivatives at a single point. A Taylor series is composed of
individual terms called Taylor polynomials. Summation of
Taylor polynomials will approximate a function with
increasing accuracy as the number of polynomials is
increased. If the point where derivatives are calculated is
zero, the Taylor series is called a Maclaurin series.
 The Taylor Series, named after famed mathematician Brook Taylor,
is a way to represent a function as a sum of its derivatives (plus
some other things called weighted coefficients). Taylor series are
extremely important for calculus and useful in a wide range of
mathematics, engineering, and physics applications.

 The general idea is that any function should be able to be
formulated by adding together a string of other functions. If the
other functions we are adding together are powers of themselves it
is called a power series. The weighted coefficients are the
important part, and discovering what they should be is how the
Taylor series was discovered.
 • Why are Taylor series
important?
• The Taylor series is useful
because it gives a framework
for approximating functions.
An approximation is when you
can describe the behavior of a
function in a relatively
accurate manner without
using the full (and difficult to
solve) full equation. Here are
some examples of the Taylor
series in action.
 Application of Taylor series

 Quantum and Nano Physics

 A number of very strange things happen at quantum and
nano scales of physics. Normal interactions like gravity
become less important and interactions between
molecules follow a completely different set of physics.
When predicting these behaviours it is often easy to
express a function as a Taylor series, then “chop off”
some of the higher order terms. For instance, you might
only use the first, second, and third derivatives because
including the fourth makes the equation harder to solve
and no less able to predict the phenomena being
modelled.
  USE IN CALCULATOR
 Ever wonder how a calculator can figure out
sin x, cos x, or a multitude of other functions
so quickly? Using a Maclaurin series (a Taylor
series centered at zero), many normal
functions can be represented as straight
forward sums. Calculators are really good at
sums, so in order to make a calculator quickly
find sin(x) with 12 decimal point accuracy,
the Taylor series expansion of sin x centered
at zero is used. Taylor series are used a lot in
computer programming to help improve
computational efficiency, especially with the
trigonometric functions.
Thank You 🙂
FOURIER TRANSFORM
IN QUANTUM
MECHANICS
S. YASASWITHA REDDY
FOURIER TRANSFORM APPLICATION IN POSITION
AND MOMENTUM SPACE
 DYNAMIC DUO OF FOURIER TRANSFORM IN QUANTUM

 A KEY TO UNDERSTANDING WHAT EACH OF THESE EQUATIONS ARE SAYING IS THAT

A MOMENTUM EIGEN FUNCTION IS:
 ANY WAVE EQUATION CAN BE WRITTEN AS A LINEAR COMBINATION OF
MOMENTUM EIGENFUNCTIONS .
 NOW AGAIN LET'S REFER BACK TO THE FIRST EQUATION
OF THE DYNAMIC DUO OF FOURIER TRANSFFORMS ,

 THIS NEGATIVE INFINITY TO INFINITY BOUNDS ARE THERE BECAUSE WE INTEGRATE OVER ALL
THE MOMENTUM EIGENVALUES.
 NOW WE HAVE TO DO THE INVERSE TO GET BACK FROM POSITION SPACE
TO MOMENTUM SPACE.
 THIS BRINGS THE SECOND EQUATION CALLED INVERSE FOURIER TRANSFORM.
 HERE WE HAVE PERFORMED MULTIPLICATION TO GET TO POSITION SPACE AND WE SHOULD
DO INVERSE OPERATION DIVISION TO GET BACK TO MOMENTUM SPACE .
 THIS IS HOW WE USE THE FOURIER TRANSFORM IN CHANGE OF BASIS BETWEEN
POSITION AND MOMENTUM SPACE .
 FEW OTHER APPLICATIONS IN QUANTUM
MECHANICS
 FOURIER TRANSFORM IS USED IN TIME DEPENDENCE OF A GUASSIAN WAVE PACKET .

 FOURIER TRENSFORM IS WIDELY USED IN QUANTUM COMPUTING .

 IT CONVERTS A FUNCTION FROM THE TIME DOMAIN TO FREQUENCY DOMAIN.

 HEISENBERG'S UNCERTAINITY PRINICPLE IS DERIVED FROM THIS FOURIER TRANSFORM .

Application of fourier series in heat
equation

By - Sudarshan Singh
Fourier series
Heat on an insulated wire

Let us first study the heat equation.

Suppose that we have a wire (or a thin
metal rod) of length L that is insulated
except at the endpoints. Let “x” denote
the position along the wire and let “t”
denote time. See Figure
Let u(x; t) denote the temperature at
point x at time t. The equation
governing this setup is the so-called
one-dimensional heat equation:
 The Method of Separation of
Variables
Let us divide the partial differential equation
shown earlier by the positive number σ, define κ/σ
≡ α and rename α f(x, t) as f (x, t) again. Then we
have,

We begin with the homogeneous case f(x, t) ≡ 0. To implement the

method of separation of variables we write T(x, t) = z(t) y(x), thus
expressing T(x, t) as the product of a function of t and a function
of x. Using ̇z to denote dz/dt and y’, y” to denote dy/dx, d 2y/dx
2, respectively, we obtain,
 Assuming z(t), y(x) are non-zero,
Since the left hand side is a constant with respect to x
and the right hand side is a constant with respect to t,
both sides must, in fact, be constant. It turns out that
constant should be taken to be non-positive, so we
indicate it as −ω2; thus,

and we then have two ordinary differential

equations ,

We first deal with the second equation, writing it as,

The general solution of this equation takes the

form , y(x) = c cosωx + d sinωx. Since we want y(x)
to be periodic with period L the choices for ω are,
 The choice k= 0 is only useful for the cosine; cos0 =
1. Indexing the coefficients c, d to correspond to
the indicated choices of ω, we have solutions for
the y equation in the forms, C0 = constant.

Now, for each indicated choice ω=2πk/L the z equation

takes the form, Which has the general solution,

Absorbing the constant c appearing here into the

earlier ck, dk we have solutions of the
homogeneous partial differential equation in the
form,
 Since we are working at this point with a linear
homogeneous equation, any linear combination of
these solutions will also be a solution. This means
we can represent a whole family of solutions,
involving an infinite number of parameters, in the
form,

It should be noted that this expression is a

representation of T (x, t) in the form of a Fourier series
with coefficients depending on the time, t:
 The coefficients ck(t), dk(t), k= 1,2,3,···in the above
representation of T(x, t) remain undetermined, of
course, to precisely the extent that the constants ck, dk
remain undetermined. In order to obtain definite values
for these coefficients it is necessary to use the initial
temperature distribution T0(x). This function has a
Fourier series representation,

Where,
 To obtain agreement at t= 0 between our Fourier series
representation of T(x,0) and this Fourier series
representation of T0 (x) we require, since exp(−α4π2k
2 / L 2 .0)= 1, c0=a0, ck=ak, dk=bk, k= 1,2,3,···

Thus we have, in fact, the heat equation,

Thank you
Z Transform in Frequency
Domain Analysis

By
Suhas B C
The Frequency Domain Analysis
Z-Transform
The z-transform is a useful tool for the frequency
analysis of discrete-time signals and systems.
The z-transform may be used to solve constant
coefficient difference equations, evaluate the response of
a linear time-invariant system to a given input, and design
linear filters.
 The z-transform

Unilateral (one side z- bilateral (two side z-

transform) transform)
This type of z- This type of z-

transform is defined transform is defined

as as

Where z is a complex variable. The main disadvantages is its

We can see that X(z) is not convergence conditions . Its
concerned with the history of the mathematical conditions
x(n) prior to n=0 for the transform to exist and
converge
Example : Find the Z-transform of the finite duration
signal

Solution:-
The properties of Z-transform
 Linearity

 Shifting Property

 Convolution Theorem
 Inverse z-transform

Partial fraction method The long division method

In which x(z) as a
In which table of z-transform pairs power series of
is needed to look up the function

Example 11-4: Find and sketch the signal

corresponding to the z-transform function
Solution:

Example : A signal has the z-transform , use the long

division to recover the signal
 Application of
Laplace Transform

Suhas g l.
 Introduction

 Transformation in mathematics deals with the conversion of one function to

another function that may not be in the same domain.
 Laplace transform is a powerful transformation tool, which literally transforms
the original differential equation into an elementary algebraic expression. This
latter can then simply be transformed once again, into the solution of the
original problem.
 This transform is named after the mathematician and renowned astronomer
Pierre Simon Laplace who lived in France.
 Definition of laplace transform

Suppose that, f is a real or complex valued function of the

variable t > 0 and s is a real or complex parameter. We define
the Laplace transform of f as

F(s) = L{f(t)} = 0∫∞𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕

Application in Power Systems Load
Frequency control
Load frequency:
Load frequency control of an interconnected power system means the
interconnection of more than one control area through tie lines. Sudden load
variation in any control area of an interconnected power system will lead to
both frequency change and tie line power deviation
Power systems are comprised of generation, transmission and distribution systems. A
generating system consists of a turbogenerator set in which a turbine drives the electrical
generator and the generator serves the loads through transmission and distribution lines. It is
required that the system voltage and frequency has to be maintained at some pre-specified
standards eg. frequency have to be maintained at 50 or 60 Hz and voltage magnitude should be
0.95-1.05 per unit. In an interconnected power system, Load Frequency Control (LFC) and
Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) equipment are installed for each generator. The controllers
are set for a particular operating condition and take care of small changes in load demand to
maintain the frequency and voltage within specified limits. Changes in real power is dependent
on the rotor angle, δ and thus system frequency and the reactive power is dependent on the
voltage magnitude that is, the generator excitation. In order to design the control system, the
initial step is the modeling of generator, load, prime mover (turbine) and governer .
Generator Model

The modeling of a generator by applying the swing equation of a synchronous machine. When small per- 3
turbation is applied to the swing equation, the equation modifies as follows:
(2H/ωs)(d2∆δ/dt2 ) = ∆Pm − ∆Pe (1)
This can be written for a small deviation in speed with speed expressed in per unit as
d∆ω/dt = 1/2H(∆Pm − ∆Pe) (2)
Now, applying Laplace transform to Eq(2), we obtain
∆Ω(s) = 1/2Hs[∆Pm(s) − ∆Pe(s)] (3)
This relation can be shown in the block diagram in Fig
 Load model

The loads in the power system comprise of different kinds of electrical devices. Some loads are
frequency dependent such as motor loads and other loads like lighting and heating loads are
independent of frequency. The frequency sensitivity of the loads depend on the speed load
characteristics of all the driven devices. The speed load characteristic of a composite load is
approximated by
∆Pe = ∆PL + D∆ω (4)
where ∆PL is the non frequency sensitive load change and D ∆ω is the frequency sensitive load
change. D is expressed as a percentage change in load divided by percent change in frequency.
The combined block diagram representation of generator and load is as shown in Fig
Conclusion:

The paper presented the application of Laplace transform in different areas of physics
and electrical power engineering. Besides these, Laplace transform is a very effective
mathematical tool to simplify very complex problems in the area of stability and control.
With the ease of application of Laplace transforms in myriad of scientific applications,
many research softwares have made it possible to simulate the Laplace transformable
equations directly which has made a good advancement in the research field.