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Lesson 3. Determining The Truth

The document discusses different theories on determining truth: correspondence theory states something is true if it corresponds to reality; coherence theory says it is true if it makes sense in context; constructivist theory believes truth is shaped by society and history; consensus theory views truth as what most people agree on; pragmatic theory holds that something is true if it can be applied in practice. The document also discusses fallacies and biases that can hinder determining truth.

Uploaded by

Ira Jesus Yapching Jr.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
20 views

Lesson 3. Determining The Truth

The document discusses different theories on determining truth: correspondence theory states something is true if it corresponds to reality; coherence theory says it is true if it makes sense in context; constructivist theory believes truth is shaped by society and history; consensus theory views truth as what most people agree on; pragmatic theory holds that something is true if it can be applied in practice. The document also discusses fallacies and biases that can hinder determining truth.

Uploaded by

Ira Jesus Yapching Jr.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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DETERMINING

THE TRUTH
What is truth ?
The quality or state of being true. A
fact or belief that is accepted as true.

Philosophers agree that there is


no absolute measure of truth.

However, various views which can help us tackle the


concepts of knowing the truth, and arrive at a reasonable
assessment if the statement, idea, or event is believable.
How do we use Philosophy to
figure out what is true ?
The first concept about truth
It is rooted from ancient Greek philosophy’s
concept of knowledge as “justified, true belief”

There is justification for such belief.

A belief may be justified by using


one’s perception and senses or
appealing to authority or using
reasoning.
THEORIES ON THE NATURE OF
KNOWLEDGE AND TRUTH
Correspondence Theory

Coherence Theory

Constructivist Theory

Consensus Theory

Pragmatic Theory
Correspondence Theory
It states that something is true if it corresponds
to reality or the actual state of affairs.

This theory assumes a direct relationship


between an idea and reality to be able to take a
statement as “fact”
Whenever we look up definitions in the
dictionary, we accept these definitions primarily
because of correspondence.
Coherence Theory
It proposes that something is true if it makes sense when
placed in a certain situation or context.
There is a possibility that there will be varied “truths” from
different perspectives.

It has a certain degree of


consistency which renders it
truthful.
Constructivist Theory
It holds that knowledge is shaped by social forces
and influenced by culture and history.

It also believes that knowledge is gained as


part of social experience and requires
interaction and collaboration.

Historical developments and


social struggles.
Consensus Theory
It views knowledge as based on agreement, and that
something is true if almost everyone
agrees that it is true.

It is also used to determine


the truth of scientific claims,
where experts must agree
on a certain phenomenon
before it can be
established as true.
Pragmatic Theory
It holds the view that something is true if we can put it into
practice or is useful in real life.
Verificationism is consider that ideas must be
verified using senses and experience..

Scientific Method is
designed to test
hypotheses or confirm
conclusions.
SUMMARY
Corresponden
It corresponds to reality.
ce Theory
Coherence It makes sense when placed in a certain context
Theory or situation.
Constructivist
It is shaped by society, culture, and history.
Theory
Consensus
Almost everyone believes it to be true.
Theory
Pragmatic
We can put it into practice in real life.
Theory
What other things should we
consider in determining the truth?
Ideas and claims are often presented in the form of
arguments, and these arguments are phrased in such a way
that they seem reasonable.

In determining the truth, we need to tackle fallacies and


biases that affect our ideas and claims that hinders
us from searching for the truth.
What other things should we
consider in determining the truth?
Fallacies are errors in reasoning, as the person making the
claim is desperate to convince you to
accept his/her argument.

Biases are personal views of the person presenting it. These


are not errors in reasoning, but refer to tendencies or
influences which affect the views of people.
Types of fallacies
Types of fallacies
Types of Biases
Types of Biases

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