Programming Fundamentals

Week5 Lecture 2
Making Decisions (Conditional Structures)

BS(Computer Science) Spring-2024

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Agenda
 Making Decisions (Conditional Structures)
 Floating point undesirable equality errors (recap)
 Two-Way Selection
 Conditional Operator (?:) (Ternary operator)
 Multiple Selections: Nested if
 if-else Pairing
 switch Structures
 goto Statement
 Break and Continue
 assert Function
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Flags
 Variable that signals a condition: usually implemented as a bool variable
 Can also be an integer
• The value 0 is considered false
• Any nonzero value is considered true
 As with other variables in functions, must be assigned an initial value before it is
used
bool salesQuotaMet = false; int salesQuotaMet = 0; // 0 means false.
if (sales >= QUOTA_AMOUNT) if (sales >= QUOTA_AMOUNT)
salesQuotaMet = true; salesQuotaMet = 1;
else else
salesQuotaMet = false; salesQuotaMet = 0;
if (salesQuotaMet) Testing of the flag in the following way:
cout << "You have met your sales quota!\n"; if (salesQuotaMet)
if (salesQuotaMet == true) //same as above cout << "You have met your sales quota!\n";
cout << "You have met your sales quota!\n"; 3
Logical Operators
 Logical operators connect two or more relational expressions into one or reverse
the logic of an expression
 Or: Used to create relational expressions from other relational expressions
 Operators, meaning, and explanation:

&& AND New relational expression is true if both expressions

are true
|| OR New relational expression is true if either expression
is true
! NOT Reverses the value of an expression – true expression
becomes false, and false becomes true
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 Logical Operators-Examples
int x = 12, y = 5, z = -4;
(x > y) && (y > z) true

(x > y) && (z > y) false

(x <= z) || (y == z) false

(x <= z) || (y != z) true

!(x >= z) false

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The logical && operator in Program

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The logical || Operator in Program

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The logical ! Operator in Program

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Logical Operator-Notes
 ! has highest precedence, followed by &&, then ||
 If the value of an expression can be determined by evaluating just the sub-
expression on left side of a logical operator, then the sub-expression on the right
side will not be evaluated (short circuit evaluation)
 Used to test to see if a value falls inside a range:
if (grade >= 0 && grade <= 100)
cout << "Valid grade";
 Can also test to see if value falls outside of range:
if (grade <= 0 || grade >= 100)
cout << "Invalid grade";
 Cannot use mathematical notation:
if (0 <= grade <= 100) //doesn’t work!

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Menus-driven programs
 Program execution controlled by user selecting from a list of actions
• Menu: list of choices on the screen
• Menus can be implemented using if/else if statements
 Menu-Driven Program Organization
• Display list of numbered or lettered choices for actions
• Prompt user to make selection
 Test user selection in expression
• if a match, then execute code for action
• if not, then go on to next expression

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Validating User Input
 Input validation: inspecting input data to determine whether it is acceptable
 Bad output will be produced from bad input
 Can perform various tests:
• Range
• Reasonableness
• Valid menu choice
• Divide by zero

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Example program (Input Validation in
Program)

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Comparing Characters and Strings
 Characters are compared using their ASCII values
'A' < 'B'
• The ASCII value of 'A' (65) is less than the ASCII value of 'B'(66)
'1' < '2'
• The ASCII value of '1' (49) is less than the ASCI value of '2' (50)
• Lowercase letters have higher ASCII codes than uppercase letters, so 'a' > 'Z‘


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Relational Operators Compare Characters

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Comparing string Objects
 Like characters, strings are compared using their ASCII values
string name1 = "Mary";
string name2 = "Mark"; The characters in each
string must match before
name1 > name2 // true they are equal
name1 <= name2 // false
name1 != name2 // true
name1 < "Mary Jane"// true

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The Conditional Operator (Ternary operator)
 Can use to create short hand if/else statements
 Format:
expr ? expr : expr;

x<0 ? y=10 : z=20;

First Expression: 2nd Expression: 3rd Expression:

Expression to be Executes if first Executes if the first
tested expression is true expression is false

• General Syntax: variable = (condition) ? expressionTrue : expressionFalse;

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The Conditional Operator
 The value of a conditional expression is
• The value of the second expression if the first expression is true
• The value of the third expression if the first expression is false
 Parentheses () may be needed in an expression due to precedence of
conditional operator
 Example:
int time = 20;
string result = (time < 18) ? "Good day." : "Good evening.";
cout << result;

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Example program (Ternary Operator)

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The switch Statement
 Used to select among statements from several alternatives
 In some cases, can be used instead of if/else if statements
 Switch statement format
switch (expression) //integer
{
case exp1: statement1;
case exp2: statement2;
...
case expn: statementn;
default: statementn+1;
}
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Flowcha
rt

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Example Program (Switch Statement)

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switch Statement Requirements
 expression must be an integer variable or an expression that evaluates to an
integer value
 exp1 through expn must be constant integer expressions or literals, and must
be unique in the switch statement
 default is optional but recommended
 How switch statement works?
• First: expression is evaluated
• Second: The value of expression is compared against exp1 through expn.
• Third: If expression matches value expi, the program branches to the
statement following expi and continues to the end of the switch
• If no matching value is found, the program branches to the statement after
default:
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Break Statement
 Used to exit a switch statement
 If it is left out, the program "falls through" the remaining statements in the
switch statement

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Program (break and default statements)

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Using switch in Menu Systems
 switch statement is a natural choice for menu-driven program:
• display the menu
• then, get the user's menu selection
• use user input as expression in switch statement
• use menu choices as expr in case statements

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More About Blocks and Scope
 Scope of a variable is the block in which it is defined, from the point of definition
to the end of the block
 Usually defined at beginning of function
 May be defined close to first use
 Inner Block Variable Definition

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Variables with the Same Name

 Variables defined inside { } have local or block scope

 When inside a block within another block, can define variables with the same
name as in the outer block.
• When in inner block, outer definition is not available
• Not a good idea

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Program (Two Variables with the Same Name)

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 Thank You All

? 

Acknowledgment: The slides are adapted from the 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
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