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Unit 2 AIML

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Unit 2 AIML

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sahil.sk0818
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UNIT 2

(Artificial Intelligence &


Machine Learning)
Introduction to Machine Learning
What is Machine Learning?
▪ “Learning is any process by which a system improves performance from experience.” -
Herbert Simon

▪ Definition by Tom Mitchell (1998):


▪ Machine Learning is the study of algorithms that
▪ improve their performance P
▪ at some task T
▪ with experience E.
▪ A well-defined learning task is given by <P,T,E>
▪ A classic example of a task that requires machine learning: It is very hard to say what
makes a 2
▪ Some more examples of tasks that are best solved by using a learning algorithm
▪ Recognizing patterns:
▪ – Facial identities or facial expressions
▪ – Handwritten or spoken words
▪ – Medical images

▪ Generating patterns:
▪ Generating images or motion sequences

▪ Recognizing anomalies:
▪ – Unusual credit card transactions
▪ – Unusual patterns of sensor readings in a nuclear power plant

▪ Prediction:
▪ – Future stock prices or currency exchange rates
▪Introduction to AI
▪ Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that
focuses on creating machines or systems capable of performing
tasks that typically require human intelligence. These tasks
include learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception,
language understanding, and decision-making. The ultimate goal
of AI is to develop machines that can exhibit intelligence similar
to or even surpassing human intelligence.
Types of AI
▪ AI can be broadly categorized into two types:
▪ Narrow AI (or Weak AI)
Narrow AI is designed to perform a specific task or a set of tasks,
such as speech recognition, image recognition, or playing chess
▪ General AI (or Strong AI)
▪ General AI, on the other hand, refers to machines with the ability to
understand, learn, and apply knowledge across various domains, similar
to human intelligence.
Components of AI includes
1. Machine Learning (ML): It is a subset of AI that involves the development of algorithms
and statistical models that enable computers to improve their performance on a task through
experience.
2. Deep Learning: This is a subfield of machine learning that involves neural networks with
multiple layers (deep neural networks). Deep learning has proven to be highly effective in
tasks such as image and speech recognition, natural language processing, and more.
3. Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP enables computers to understand, interpret,
and generate human language. It is crucial for applications like chatbots, language
translation, and sentiment analysis.
4. Computer Vision: This field focuses on enabling machines to interpret and understand
visual information from the world, such as images and videos. Applications include facial
recognition, object detection, and autonomous vehicles.
5. Robotics: Integrating AI with robotics allows machines to interact with the physical world,
perform tasks, and make decisions based on sensory input.
6. Expert Systems: These are computer systems designed to mimic the decision-making
abilities of a human expert in a specific domain. They use rule-based systems and
knowledge representation to solve complex problems.
AI/ML
▪ Machine learning is making great strides
▪ Large, good data sets
▪ Compute power
▪ Progress in algorithms
▪ Many interesting applications
▪ commericial
▪ scientific
▪ Links with artificial intelligence
▪ However, AI  machine learning
Machine Learning Tasks
▪ Supervised learning
▪ regression: predict numerical values
▪ classification: predict categorical values, i.e., labels
▪ Unsupervised learning
▪ clustering: group data according to "distance"
▪ association: find frequent co-occurrences
▪ link prediction: discover relationships in data
▪ data reduction: project features to fewer features
▪ Reinforcement learning
Machine Learning Algorithms
▪ Regression:
Ridge regression, Support Vector Machines, Random Forest,
Multilayer Neural Networks, Deep Neural Networks, ...

▪ Classification:
Naive Base, , Support Vector Machines,
Random Forest, Multilayer Neural Networks,
Deep Neural Networks, ...

▪ Clustering:
k-Means, Hierarchical Clustering, ...
Issues
▪ Many machine learning/AI projects fail
(Gartner claims 85 %)

▪ Ethics, e.g., Amazon has/had


sub-par employees fired by an AI
automatically
Reasons for failure
▪ Asking the wrong question
▪ Trying to solve the wrong problem
▪ Not having enough data
▪ Not having the right data
▪ Having too much data
▪ Hiring the wrong people
▪ Using the wrong tools
▪ Not having the right model
▪ Not having the right yardstick
Expert Systems:
▪ Expert systems are computer programs designed to emulate the decision-making ability of a
human expert in a specific domain. They use a knowledge base of human expertise and an
inference engine to provide solutions or make decisions. Expert systems are applied in
various fields, including:
• Medical Diagnosis: Expert systems can assist medical professionals in diagnosing diseases
based on symptoms and patient history.
• Financial Planning: They can provide advice on investment strategies and financial
planning based on expert knowledge.
• Troubleshooting: Expert systems can help users diagnose and solve technical problems by
guiding them through a series of questions.
Fuzzy Systems:
▪ Fuzzy logic is a mathematical framework that deals with uncertainty and imprecision.
Fuzzy systems are particularly useful when dealing with vague or subjective information.
Applications include:
• Traffic Control Systems: Fuzzy logic can be used to optimize traffic signal timings based
on real-time traffic conditions.
• Home Appliances: Fuzzy controllers are employed in washing machines and air
conditioners to adapt to varying conditions.
Augmented Reality:
▪ Augmented Reality (AR) combines digital information with the user's real-
world environment. AI plays a role in enhancing AR experiences through:
• Object Recognition: AI algorithms can recognize and augment real-world
objects in the user's view.
• Gesture Recognition: AI helps interpret user gestures for interactive AR
applications.
AI in Different Fields:
• Natural Language Processing (NLP): Used in chatbots,
language translation, sentiment analysis, and voice recognition.
• Healthcare: AI is applied for diagnostics, drug discovery,
personalized medicine, and patient management.
• Agriculture: AI aids in precision farming, crop monitoring, and
pest control.
• Social Media Monitoring: AI is used to analyze social media
data for sentiment analysis, trend prediction, and content
moderation.
Tools and Techniques for Implementing AI:

• Machine Learning Frameworks: TensorFlow, PyTorch, scikit-


learn.
• Development Platforms: Jupyter Notebooks, Google Colab.
• Data Preprocessing: Pandas, NumPy.
• Natural Language Processing Tools: NLTK, spaCy.
AI-powered Products:
• Google Translator: Uses machine learning for language
translation.
• Driverless Cars: AI algorithms enable autonomous vehicles to
navigate and make decisions.
• Voice Assistants (Alexa, Siri): Use natural language processing
to understand and respond to user commands.
• ChatGPT: Utilizes a language model for generating human-like
text responses.
Current trends and opportunities
1. Development in predictive analytics
2. Large Language Models (LLM)
3. Information security (InfoSec)
4. Launch of better autonomous systems
5. Art through NFTs
6. Digital avatars
7. Military weapons
8. Healthcare
9. Explainable AI (XAI): Enhancing transparency and interpretability of AI
models.
10. Edge AI: Processing AI tasks on devices rather than relying solely on
cloud computing.
11. AI Ethics and Bias Mitigation: Ensuring responsible and fair AI
development.
Job roles and skill set
SKill Set
● Programming languages (Python, R, Java are the most necessary)
● Linear algebra and statistics
● Signal processing techniques
● Neural network architectures
● Machine Learning algorithms

Job Roles
● Machine Learning Engineer
● Data scientist
● Robotics scientist
● Research
● NLP Engineer
● Computer Vision Engineer.

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