UNIT 5

MANAGING
DATA
RESOURCES
DATA RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Data Resource Management:

- Data are a vital organizational resource that need to

be managed like other important

business assets.

- Today’s business enterprises cannot survive or

succeed without quality data about their

internal operations and external environment.

- Data Resource Management is a managerial activity

that applies information systems

technologies like database management, data

 Operational Database
Operational Databases
- store detailed data needed to support the business processes and operations of a
company.
- are also called subject area databases (SADB), transaction databases, and
production databases.
- Examples are a customer database, human resource database, inventory
database, and other databases containing data generated by business operations.
- For example, a human resource database would include data identifying each
employee and his or her time worked, compensation, benefits, performance analyzed to reveal hidden patterns and

trends in historical business activity.

- This analysis can be used to help managers make decisions about strategic changes in

business operations to gain competitive advantages in the marketplace.

 Distributed Database
These distributed databases can reside on network servers
on the World Wide
Web, on corporate intranets or extranets, or on other
company networks.
- Distributed databases may be copies of operational or
analytical databases, hypermedia or discussion databases,
or any other type of database.
- Replication and distribution of databases improve
database performance at end-
user worksites
 ADVANTAGES
Storage requirements: Often, a large database system may be
distributed into

smaller databases based on some logical relationship between the

data and the

location. For example, a company with several branch operations

may distribute

its data so that each branch operation location is also the location of
its branch

database. Because multiple databases in a distributed system can be

joined
CHALLENGES
Challenges
- Maintenance of data accuracy: If a company
distributes its database to multiple
locations, any change to the data in one location must
somehow be updated in all
other locations. This updating can be accomplished in
one of two ways:
replication or duplication.
EXTERNAL DATABASE

External Databases
- Websites provide an endless variety of hyperlinked pages of multimedia
documents in hypermedia databases for us to access.
- Data are available in the form of statistics on economic and demographic
activity
from statistical databanks, or we can view or download abstracts or
complete
copies of hundreds of newspapers, magazines, newsletters, research papers,
and
other published material and periodicals from bibliographic and full-text
databases.
- Whenever we use a search engine like Google or Yahoo to look up
something on
the Internet, we are using an external database - a very, very large one!
HYPERMEDIA DATABASE

Hypermedia Databases
- The rapid growth of Web sites on the Internet and corporate intranets and
extranets has dramatically increased the use of databases of hypertext and
hypermedia documents.
- A Website stores such information in a hypermedia database consisting of
hyperlinked pages of multimedia (text, graphic and photographic images,
video
clips, audio segments, and so on).
- That is, from a database management point of view, the set of
interconnected
multimedia pages on a Website is a database of interrelated hypermedia
page
elements, rather than interrelated data records.
DATA WAREHOUSING
Data warehousing
- A data warehouse stores data that have been
extracted from the various operational, external, and
other databases of an organization.It is a central source
of the data that have been cleaned, transformed, and
cataloged so that they can be used by managers and
other business professionals for data mining, kwonline
analytical processing, and other forms of business
analysis, market research, anddecision support.
-
 Data Warehouse

A data warehouse and it's data marts subsets

hold data that have been extracted from various
operational database for business analysis,
market research, decision support, and data
mining application
 Data Mining
- In data mining, the data in a data warehouse are
analyzed to reveal hidden patterns and

trends in historical business activity.

- This analysis can be used to help managers make

decisions about strategic changes in

business operations to gain competitive advantages in the

marketplace.
THE DATABASE
MANAGEMENT APPROCH
• To solve the problems encountered with the file processing approach
• The database management approach consolidates data records, formerly held in separate files, into
databases that can be accessed by many different application programs.
• In addition, a database management system (DBMS) serves as a software interface between users
and databases, which helps users easily access the data in a database.
• Thus, database management involves the use of database management software to control how
databases are created, interrogated, and maintained to provide information that end users need.
An example of a database management
approach in a banking information
system. Note how the savings,
checking, and installment loan
programs use a database management
system to share a customer database.
Note also that the DBMS allows a user
to make direct, ad hoc interrogations of
the database without using application
programs.

Consider:
DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
• A database management system (DBMS) is the main
software tool of the database management approach
because it controls the creation, maintenance, and use of the
databases of an organization and its end users.
• Examples of popular DBMS software are IBM's DB2
Universal Database, Oracle 10g by Oracle Corp., and
MySQL, a popular open-source DBMS
 COMMON DBMS SOFTWARE COMPONENTS
Language and graphical tools to define entities, relationships, integrity con-
DATABASE DEFINITION
straints, and authorization rights.

NONPROCEDURAL Language and graphical tools to access data without complicated coding.
ACCESS

APPLICATION DEVELOPMENTGraphical tools to develop menus, data entry forms, and reports.

PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE Language that combines nonprocedural access with full capabilities of a
INTERFACE programming language.

TRANSACTION PROCESSING Control mechanism to prevent interference from simultaneous users and
recover lost data after a failure.

DATABASE TUNING Tools to monitor and improve database performance.

THE THREE MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF A DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ARE:

1. to create new databases and database applications,

2. to maintain the quality of the data in an organization's databases, and
3. to use the databases of an organization to provide the information that its
end users need.
DATABASE INTERROGATION

- A database interrogation capability is a major

benefit of the database management approach.

-End users can use a DBMS by asking for

information from a database using a query feature
or a report generator.
DATABASE INTERROGATION

- The query language feature lets us easily obtain immediate responses to ad

hoc data requests: in a few short inquiries - in some cases, using common
sentence structures just like we would use to ask a question.
- The report generator feature allows us to specify a report format for
information we want presented as a report.
SQL QUERIES
- The basic form of a SQL query is:
SELECT ... FROM ... WHERE..
- After SELECT, we list the data fields we want
retrieved.
- After FROM, we list the files or tables from which
the data must be retrieved.
- After WHERE, we specify conditions that limit the
search to only those data records in which we are
interested.
 BOOLEAN LOGIC
- Boolean logic allows us to refine our searches for specific information such
that only the desired information is obtained.

- For example, to retrieve the students of BIM who have no BackPapers can
be:
Students WHERE program is BIM AND NOT BackPapers.
 DATABASE MAINTENANCE
—The database maintenance process is accomplished by transaction
processing systems and other end-user applications, with the support of the
DBMS.

- End users and information specialists can also employ various utilities
provided by a DBMS for database maintenance.
 APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

- DBMS packages play a major role in application

development.
- End users, systems analysts, and other application
developers can use the internal 4GL programming
language and built-in software development tools
provided by many DBMS packages to develop
custom application programs.
THE "5 W'S AND H" APPROACH
Who: Identify the subject or participants of your research.

What: Define the main focus or topic of investigation.

When: Determine the time frame or period relevant to your research.

Where: Specify the location or context of your study.

Why: Understand the purpose or significance of your research.

Why: Explore the methods and approaches to address your question.

Once you have your research question, consider these questions to evaluate its effectiveness:

• Is it clear and specific?

• Does it align with the research topic and objectives?
• Can it be answered through available resources and methods?
• Does it spark curiosity and interest?
PROCESS OF A
RESEARCH
PROJECT
Research projects are structured processes that enable us to explore and
uncover knowledge about a specific topic. Let's take a closer look at the
key steps involved in conducting a successful research project:
RESEARCH PROCESS
OVERVIEW
Research projects are structured processes that enable us to explore and uncover
knowledge about a specific topic. Let's take a closer look at the key steps involved in
conducting a successful research project:

3. Collecting and Analyzing Data

Gathering data from various sources could include books, articles, interviews,
surveys, or online databases. Analyze and examine the collected data to draw
meaningful insights.

4. Synthesizing Information
Synthesizing means bringing together different pieces of information to create
a coherent and comprehensive understanding of your topic.
RESEARCH PROCESS
OVERVIEW
Research projects are structured processes that enable us to explore and uncover
knowledge about a specific topic. Let's take a closer look at the key steps involved in
conducting a successful research project:

5. Drawing Conclusions and Presenting Findings

Based on your analysis and synthesis, draw conclusions that address your research
question. Finally, present your findings through written reports, presentations, or
other creative means.

The Power of Research Skills:

• Learn to analyze information critically and evaluate its credibility.
• Develop skills to identify and address real-world problems through research.
• Broaden your understanding of complex issues by exploring multiple perspectives.
• Enhance your ability to present ideas clearly and persuasively.
THE POWER OF A
RESEARCH
QUESTION
A well-formulated research question is like a compass that guides your
entire research journey. Let's explore the art of crafting research
questions that ignite curiosity and lead to meaningful discoveries!
CHARACTERISTICS OF A STRONG
RESEARCH QUESTION
Clarity and Specificity
A good research question should be clear and specific, leaving no room for ambiguity. Avoid
broad or vague questions that lack focus.

Relevance and Interest

Choose a question that aligns with your interests and the objectives of your research project.
A compelling question motivates and engages you throughout the process.

Feasibility
Ensure that your research question is realistic and feasible within the given time and
resources. Avoid questions that are too complex to answer effectively.
 LET'S DO IT! Who: What:

In groups, take a few minutes to brainstorm and

formulate research questions related to the given
research topic. Remember to consider the "5 W's
and H" approach to guide your thinking.

When: Where:

Research Question 01

Why: Why:
Research Question 02

Research Question 03
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!
RESOURCES PAGE