TRACTOR AND TRANSMISSION

SYSTEMS
Prepared by: Ramer A. Bron, Eugine L. Bustamante
OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES
Identify the various parts of two-wheel and four wheel tractors.

Discuss the functions and operation of some parts of two-wheel and

Four-wheel tractors.

Operate two-wheel and four-wheel tractor.

Perform tractor hitching.

1 2

4
5
3
What is a Tractor?

An agricultural tractor is designed to provide high torque at

low speeds. It is a powerful machine designed to perform
various tasks like ploughing, tilling, harrowing, and
transporting agricultural produce. They are equipped with
powerful engines, large traction tires, and hydraulic systems
that enable them to perform a variety of tasks.
What is the Role of Tractors in Agriculture?

Tractors play a vital role in enhancing productivity

and efficiency on farms. These machines have
revolutionized the way farmers cultivate crops,
manage livestock, and perform various tasks in
the field. With their power, agility, and wide range
of implements, tractors have become an
indispensable tool for modern agriculture.
Importance Of Tractors In Agriculture

Tractors provide the power needed to pull heavy

machinery and perform labor-intensive tasks efficiently.
Tractors significantly reduce the manual effort required
and save valuable time.
Tractors enable farmers to cultivate larger areas of
land, leading to increased productivity and higher crop
yields.
Tractors can be generally classified by
number of axles or wheels, with main
categories of two-wheel
tractors (single-axle tractors) and
four-wheel tractors (two-axle
tractors).
Two Wheel Tractor
This is a walking type
tractor also known as
Walking tractor (Power
tiller). This tractor is
usually fitted with two
wheels only.
Two Wheel Tractor

The direction of travel and

its controls for field
operation is performed by
the operator, walking
behind the tractor.

Photo by PHilMech RCEF Mechanization Program

Basic Parts of a Two Wheel Tractor (pull type)
 Basic Parts of a Two Wheel Tractor (pull type)

Basic Parts of a Two Wheel Tractor (pull type)

Basic Parts of a Two Wheel Tractor (pull type)

1. Throttle Lever

This shall be accessible to the operator’s right-hand side of the handle bar.
Used to increase engine speed and to decrease engine speed

2. Main Clutch Lever

The lever shall be pushed forward to start the forward motion of the tractor and shall be pulled rearward to
stop the tractor

3. Cage wheel
Extensively used in cultivation of the land
Basic Parts of a Two Wheel Tractor (pull type)

4. Axle

-A rod or spindle (either fixed or rotating) passing through the center of

a wheel .

5. Pulley

- Is a wheel on a shaft enabling a belt passing over the wheel to move

and change direction, or transfer power itself and a shaft.

6. Belt
- Belts can be attached around different sized pulleys to drive shaft to
change speed.
Basic Parts of a Two Wheel Tractor (pull type)

7. Air filter

-Prevents dirt from entering the engine cylinder

8. Exhaust pipe

- The pipe which waste gas escapes from the engine

9. Transmission system
- Drive line of the tractor
- Used to transmit the torque developed by the engine to the driving wheels

10. Engine
- Produce mechanical motion power through the compression and combustion of fuel.
Advantages of 2-wheel tractors

•multi-purpose vehicle
•operate in harder conditions than animals or humans
•operate in both wet and dry conditions

Disadvantages

•cost of owning and operating

•operator fatigue
Specifications:

Engine 7-10 hp diesel, water cooled

Field capacity Minimum of 0.125 ha/h

Implements Disk plow, comb harrow, leveler, cage

wheel, trailer

Fuel Consumption 2-5 liters/ hr

Labor requirement 1 person

Four wheel tractor
Four-Wheel Tractor

A self-propelled vehicle designed to carry, pull or propel agricultural

machines and implements.

This machine can make your land preparation operations faster and easier. It
is flexible in both dry and wet soil conditions, and has better traction.

This multi-purpose farm machinery is recommended for large-scale farm

operations and can also be utilized for transport, hauling of farm inputs and
towing of farm machinery like rice combine harvester.
Specifications:

Engine 48-52 hp

Steering system Power steering

Implements Rotary tiller

Other attachments Rollover protective structures

(ROPs), canopy, seat belt
Field capacity 2-3 ha/day (@ 1 passing; rotavator)

Labor requirement 1 person

Types of Four-Wheel Tractor
2 WHEEL DRIVE TRACTOR

The traditional wheel system in tractors is a

2WD system in which only two wheels of a
tractor are engine-powered and the other two
wheels are part of the steering system of the
tractor. Mostly, the rear wheels are engine-
powered and the front wheel handles the
steering.
ADVANTAGES OF 2WD TRACTOR
• They are very cost-effective. As the tractor uses a less-complicated engine, their
PTO is also not very advanced, and the design is uncomplicated, these tractors
ask for minimal investment. Hence, they are accessible to all kinds of farmers.
• They work effectively on small land farming because of their small turning radius.
Farmers can easily operate these tractors in compact spaces without any
trouble.
• They are very easy to operate because their configuration and design are not at
all complex.
• These tractors are designed to operate in dry farming conditions with moderately
muddy farming fields because of their traction.
DISADVANTAGES OF 2WD TRACTOR
• While 2WD tractors are great machinery, they are not perfect and have certain
limitations. For example:
• You can't use them in high-terrain areas.
• As the power is only on two wheels in 2WD tractors, the power is less and
there is a chance of slippage.
• 2WD tractors will have very limited pulling capacity. So, you can’t use heavy-
duty implements with these tractors.
• Because of power only in two wheels, 2WD tractors have less stability on the
ground.
4 WHEEL DRIVE TRACTOR

In this tractor model, all the wheels of the tractors are

powered by the tractor engine. Both the front and rear
wheel systems of a 4WD tractor will have distributed
power that grants increased traction and pulling
abilities to them.

4WD tractors are capable of working perfectly on

uneven terrains, can put heavy weight, and perform
perfectly in all kinds of farming conditions.

4WD tractors generally have a strong build, powerful

engines, and will have dynamic tire movement.
ADVANTAGES OF 4WD TRACTOR
• Deliver high traction and acceleration because of which these tractors will have better
road holding, grip, and braking power. They are perfect to work in slippery conditions.
• Operate perfectly fine in rough terrains like rocks, ice, snow, and other situations
where normal tractors fail to perform.
• Empower farmers with improved pulling capability as compared to 2WD tractors. As
all the wheels will be powered-up, these tractors can pull heavy loads and support
multiple implements with great ease and power.
• Handle a wide range of farming tasks like hauling, pulling, heavy-load carrying, and
transportation.
• Remain stable on rugged and uneven farming fields because all of its wheels will have
power and traction.
• Better grip on the ground because 4WD tractors come with wide tires.
​
 DISADVANTAGES OF 4WD TRACTOR
• Despite offering unmatched capabilities, 4WD tractors are not completely
flawless. They have some limitations like:
• High initial cost because a 4WD drive system requires extra mechanical
components that come at a high cost.
• These tractors will have high complexity and maintenance because they will have
more components and elements.
• Reduced maneuverability in tight spaces or when making sharp turns. The
additional weight and size associated with the four-wheel drive system can limit
agility and make them less suitable for certain farming tasks that require tight
maneuvering.
• High soil compaction as more force will be exerted on the ground.
• Higher fuel consumption as additional power is required to drive all four wheels.
Also, the engine has to be more powerful to overcome the resistance.
Comparison Factors 2WD 4WD
The 2WD tractors are cost-effective The price of 4WD tractors are little
Pricing because they have simple configurations costlier as they will have heavy-duty
and easy engine specifications. engines.

As the 4WD tractor will have a

With a lightweight engine, these tractors
Fuel Efficiency heavy-weight engine, these tractors
have better fuel efficiency.
will have less fuel efficiency.
4WD tractors are best for large
Usage These are best used on small farms.
farming land.
These tractors have less pulling power With high PTO, these tractors will
Pulling power
with limited PTO. have high pulling power.
Traction Less tractions. More tractions.
Suitable for tough and uneven
Terrains Suitable for small and even terrains.
terrains.
Wheel power Only power on two wheels. Power in all the wheels.
 Controls

• Steering Wheel – used to turn the steering tire

• Ignition Key & Switch – engages power to parts from the battery may include
solenoid for fuel shut-off
• Manual Fuel Shut-off (Emergency Stop Knob) – pulled to shut-off the engine
• Foot Throttle Pedal – increases tractor RPM
• Hand Throttle Lever – increases tractor RPM in constant speed
 Controls
• Range Lever – selects range high or low for gear
• Gear-shift Lever – used to select the transmission gear speed
• Differential Lock Pedal – engage to lock drive axles together
• Right Brake Pedal – locks right drive tire
• Seatbelt – keeps the operator in the safety zone
• PTO Control Lever – engage and disengage PTO shaft
 Controls
• Left Brake Pedal – locks left drive tire
• Clutch Pedal – engage or disengage for starting or for stopping tractor
motion
• Parking Brake Lever – pull to set parking works when off tractor
• Seat – for the driver’s or operator’s comfort
• Hydraulic Draft Lever – controls the lower links of the three-point link
when the implement is in working position
• Hydraulic Position Lever – controls the lower links of the three-point link
when the implement is in transportation position
 Dashboard
• Coolant Water Temperature Gauge – allows the monitoring of the tractor’s
engine temperature to ensure that it does not overheat
• Hour Meter – tracks or records the elapsed time normally displaying hours in
terms of hours
• Fuel Gauge – indicates the amount of fuel in the fuel tank
• Turn Signal Light Switches – Signals the turn signal flasher to flash either the right
or left turn lights both front and rear and will remain flashing until the steering
wheel is reversed from the turn direction selected
• Headlight Switch – turns the tractor’s headlight on/off
• Horn Switch – operates the tractor’s horn
• Hazard Warning Light Switch – turns the tractor’s warning light on/off
External parts
• Ballast – a material added to the front of a tractor for the purpose of
enhancing traction and stability
• Wheels – supporting the tractor and converting rotary motion of the engine to
linear motion of the tractor as a whole
• Front Wheel – are used for steering and are usually designed to be smaller
than the rear wheels to provide better view for the driver
• Rear Wheel – acts as the drive wheel and are usually bigger than the front
wheels to avoid slipping in muddy surfaces
• Muffler – a device for decreasing the amount of noise emitted by the exhaust
of the internal combustion engine of the tractor
External parts
• Side Mirror – mirrors found on the exterior of the tractor outside the driver’s
peripheral vision
• Roll-over Protective Structure (ROPS) – two or four post structural frames primarily
used to protect the driver from being crushed in case the tractor rolls over
• Headlights – lights up the tractor’s path in the front
• Turn Lights – found in the front and rear it indicates whether the tractor is about to
turn in either the left or right
• Three-point Link – a three-point assembly when fully mounted and semi-mounted
when implement is attached. The three points form a triangle or a letter A which
provides a rigid connection
• Upper Link – a movable link but is usually not powered by the tractor’s hydraulic
system
• Lower Links – are the lifting arms of a three-point link and are controlled by the
hydraulic system and provides the lifting, lowering, and tilting actions to the arms
 Transmission Systems

• Clutch – device that connects or disconnects two torque transmitting

devices
• Transmission – device that transmits power at a multiplicity of speed
and torque
• PTO – part that transmit torque from the engine to the PTO spline or
the rear of the tractor
• Brake – a device found in the axle housing that stops the motion of
the tractor
• Axle – is the shaft connecting the different parts that transmit torque
from the differential or the final gear reduction to the wheels
USES OF TRACTORS IN AGRICULTURE
Tractors are used for multiple agrarian tasks, and currently they have become an essential tool for farmers. Let
us talk over some of the smart uses of farming tractors:

1. PLOUGHING

Ploughing: Tractors are undoubtedly useful in terms of ploughing fields. Also, it is

useful for breaking up the soil to produce good terrain for seed germination.

2. TILLING

Tilling: Tilling is truly important to make good and loose soil. Tillage is used to mix
the soil for proper aeration and better seed germination. This in turn leads to
increased crop productivity.
USES OF TRACTORS IN AGRICULTURE
Tractors are used for multiple agrarian tasks, and currently they have become an essential tool for farmers. Let
us talk over some of the smart uses of farming tractors:

3. CULTIVATING

Cultivating: With the help of tractors, we can fluently cultivate crops. Cultivating
involves removing weeds and preparing the soil for planting.

4. FERTILIZATION

Fertilization: Tractors are used to spread compost on the land before planting to
assure that the soil has the necessary nutrients for the crops to grow.
USES OF TRACTORS IN AGRICULTURE
Tractors are used for multiple agrarian tasks, and currently they have become an essential tool for farmers. Let
us talk over some of the smart uses of farming tractors:

5. TRANSPORTING

Transporting: Tractors are also useful in terms of transporting agrarian yield from
the field to the storehouse area or market. They are equipped with trailers that
enable them to carry large loads of yield.
Pre-operational Check
Battery condition - when checking the battery, safety has priority over
everything you do.
When checking the battery the operator should:
1. Wear the proper safety equipment. (gloves, apron, face shield, etc.)
2. Keep fire or flame away from the battery.
3. Inspect for loose and/or corroded connections.
4. Inspect electrolyte level (fluid level). (not required on maintenance free
batteries)
5. Inspect battery hold down. -Battery should be secure and unable to move
around.
6. Inspect condition of cables (cracked, chaffed, torn, or melted insulation).
7. Look for cleanliness of the battery top. -No build-up of dirt.
Fuel level - check the fuel level by removing the fuel cap and visually checking
the level in the tank. The fuel level may also be read from a fuel gauge if the
tractor is so equipped.

1. Coolant - check the coolant level by removing the radiator cap and visually
checking for the proper level.

WARNING - NEVER REMOVE THE RADIATOR CAP IF THE ENGINE IS HOT.

2. Allow the engine to cool until the radiator is cool to the touch.
3. Oil (engine) - check the oil level by removing the dip stick and reading the
level indicated on the dip stick.
4. Oil (hydraulic) - Check the transmission and hydraulic oil levels according to
the operator’s manual.
- Check tire condition by looking for cuts, bruises or breaks in the sidewalls,
excessive weathering, uneven tread wear, damp spots on tires filled with fluid,
and air pressure.
- See the operator’s manual for correct air pressure. • Check for any loose or
missing bolts, pins, wiring, or shields. Tighten all loose accessories and guards
and replace anything found defective.
5. Air filter - check the air filter every day.
6. Platform - should be clear of any trash, mud or other clutter and have
an anti-slip surface.
7. Seat - should be adjustable and positioned to where the operator can
reach all controls comfortably. The seat should also be equipped with a
seat belt if a Roll Over Protective Structure (ROPS) is attached to the
tractor.
8. Controls - should all be identifiable and within comfortable reach of
the operator and functional.
-Check mirrors for adjustment and cleanliness.

-Check for proper ballasting (weights). •

-Check for properly attached connections, and that you have the proper
size tractor for the job.
 Pre-start Checklist
1. Make sure everyone is clear: no one else should be on or next to
the agricultural tractor.

2. If parked inside a building, open doors to allow for adequate

ventilation during starting.

3. Properly mount the tractor and adjust the operator’s seat.

4. Fasten seat belt if tractor is equipped with a ROPS.

 Pre-start Checklist
• 5. Check all controls:
✔ Place hydraulic controls in a neutral or static position.
✔ Place three point lift control in a down or locked position.
✔ Put PTO in an off or disengaged position.
✔ Place brakes in a set or locked position.
✔ Set ground speed and directional controls in neutral or park position.
6. Clutch pedal is in disengaged position.
7. Turn ignition switch to “On” position and check gauges and warning
lights for operation. Starting a tractor from the ground can result in the
tractor riding you instead of you riding it.
Pre-start Safety
• Never start a tractor while standing on the ground.

• Always start from the operator’s seat.

 Safe Operating Procedures
• Watch where you are going, especially at row ends, on roads, and around
trees and low hanging obstacles.
• When backing, use a spotter to guide you when your vision is blocked.
• To avoid upsets drive the tractor with care and at speeds compatible with
safety, especially when operating over rough ground, when crossing
ditches or slopes, and when turning corners.
• Avoid operating the tractor near ditches, embankments, and holes.
• When operating at night, adjust lights to prevent blinding an oncoming
driver.
• Make sure seat belt is fastened if ROPS is installed.
 Safe Operating Procedures
• Do not permit others to ride on the tractor. Tractors have only one seat
for one person.
• Operate the tractor smoothly - no jerky turns, starts or stops. • Hitch
only to the drawbar and hitch points recommended.
• When the tractor is stopped, be sure the brakes are securely set.
• Never use attachments unless they are properly matched to your
tractor.
• Operate controls only from the operator’s seat. Never leave the tractor
unattended with the engine running.
• Pay attention to what you are doing.
 Safe Operating Procedures
• Never operate nor allow anyone else to operate agricultural tractors
or machinery while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.

• Do not let your tractor bounce. You may lose steering control.

• Do not brake suddenly. Apply brakes smoothly and gradually.

 Safe Operating Procedures
• Never operate nor allow anyone else to operate agricultural tractors
or machinery while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.

• Do not let your tractor bounce. You may lose steering control.

• Do not brake suddenly. Apply brakes smoothly and gradually.

Roll-over Warning

Carelessness can lead to serious injury or death.

Transportation of Equipment and Loads
• Never exceed the rated load capacities of your tractor.
• Make sure the tractor is properly ballasted for the equipment and/or
load.
• Select a safe ground speed.
• Always let the engine assist with braking when going down hills.
• Lock the brakes together.
• Slow down when making turns and make wide gentle turns.
 Highway Travel
• Refer to the operator’s manual for transporting instructions.
• Lock the brake pedals together.
• Raise all implements to their transport position and lock them in place.
• Place all implements into their narrowest transport position.
• Disengage PTO and differential lock.
• Make sure you use a proper safety hitch pin with safety clip retainer.
• Clean off all reflectors and road lights, front and rear, and be certain
they are in working order.
• Allowing passengers to ride can become a deadly mistake.
 Highway Travel
• Signal your intent to slow, stop, or turn.
• Shift to a lower gear before going up or down hills.
• Keep tractor in gear. Never coast with clutch disengaged or
transmission in neutral.
• Drive defensively. Anticipate what other drivers might do.
• Watch out for overhead obstructions
 What is hitching?

Hitching is defined as joining the two types of

machinery together so as to perform the undesired
task. In hitching, one of the machines is movable,
which are called movers, and the second machinery is
non-movable, which are called implements.
Hitching is one of the important aspects of agricultural
engineering.

The system of combining a mover with machinery so that it

can work into a single unit is termed hitching.
 TYPES OF HITCHING SYSTEMS:
Horizontal hitching of the implement: Horizontal hitching of the
implement depends upon the design of the implements. If the
longitudinal centerlines of the implements are symmetrical, horizontal
hitching is favorable.
Vertical hitching of the implement: vertical hitching is adopted for the
implements that have wheels or runners. Single-axle implements are
also considered to be hitched with the movers in a vertical connection.