7

Chapter

Secondary
Storage
Chapter 7

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 Storage

Primary storage is:

 Volatile storage
 Loses content when the computer loses power
 Temporary storage
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
Computing Essentials 2017

 We use it to store running programs

Secondary storage is:

 Nonvolatile storage
 Stores programs and data regardless of power
 Permanent storage
 Permanently saves information for future use
 We use it to store the data and programs after the computer is shut down

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 Secondary Storage Characteristics

How hard disks work: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wteUW2sL7bc

Secondary storage characteristics
Media
Physical materials that holds data and programs
Capacity
How much data the hard disk can hold
Computing Essentials 2017

Storage devices
Hardware that reads data and programs
Access speed
It is the amount of time required to retrieve data from storage
Writing is the process of saving information to storage
Reading is the process of accessing information from storage

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 Hard Disk

Save files by altering the magnetic charges of the disk’s surface to represent
1s and 0s
Use rigid, metallic platters that are stacked one on top of one another
Store and organize files using tracks, sectors (wedged-shape), and cylinders
Computing Essentials 2017

How charges on a disk surface store the letter A Tracks and Sectors

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 Head Crash

Occurs when read-write head

makes contact with the hard disk’s
surface or with particles on its
surface
Computing Essentials 2017

It is a disaster because hard disk

surface will be scratched and data
may be lost.

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Types of Hard Disks

Internal
Located inside the system unit
Used to store programs and data files
O.S. is stored on internal hard disk
Computing Essentials 2017

External
Removable
Usually connects through USB
Used to complement internal hard disk
Uses same technology of Internal hard disk

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Performance Enhancements

There are 3 ways to enhance performance.

1) Caching

• data storing technique to access data from secondary storage in less time.

• acting as a temporary high-speed holding area between a secondary storage

Computing Essentials 2017

device and the CPU.

• Improves performance

• It may be hardware or software cache.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yi0FhRqDJfo
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Performance Enhancements
2) RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-OCdTeZLac

• Expanding external storage, improving access

speed, and providing reliable storage.

• Several hard-disk drives are connected to one

Computing Essentials 2017

another as a group.

• the computer system interacts with the RAID system

as if it is single hard disk large-capacity.

• For these reasons, RAID is often used by Internet

servers and large organizations.
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Performance Enhancements

3) File Compression

Improves storage capacity of hard disk by decreasing the amount of time

required for storing the files
Computing Essentials 2017

These programs often shrink files to a quarter of their original size.

file compression makes sending files across the Internet far more efficient.

Example of compression programs is WinZip.

File decompression expands the files back

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Solid-State Storage

Solid–state devices is a storage device with no moving

parts.

Solid-state drives (SSD)

 Faster and more durable than hard disks
 Access to flash memory or solid state storage
Computing Essentials 2017

Flash memory cards

 Widely used in laptops, smartphones, GPS navigation
systems

USB Drives (or Flash Drives)

 Connect to USB port
 Capacity of 1 GB to 256 GB
 Portable
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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Optical Discs

Hold over 128 gigabytes (GB) of data

Use reflected light to represent data
Uses pits and lands to represent data
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-jxTzFrnpg
Computing Essentials 2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Optical Discs - Types
 CD
 smallest capacity
 CD-ROM means read only mode. Cannot be written to or erased
 CD-R means recordable. It can be written once, After that, the disc can be read many times but cannot
be written on or erased.
 CD-RW means rewritable. it can be erased and re-written

 DVD - stands for Digital Versatile Disk

Computing Essentials 2017

 They replaced CD
 Can provide up to two hours video or sound
 DVD-ROM is DVD-read only memory: are discs that cannot be written on or erased by the user.
 DVD - R stands for Recordable. It can be written once. After that, the disc can be read many times but
cannot be written on or erased.

 Blu-ray
 Largest capacity and used to store video games

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Cloud Storage

The Internet acts as a “cloud” of

servers
Applications provided as a service
rather than a product

Supplied by servers that provide cloud

Computing Essentials 2017

storage or online storage

Google Docs is an example

You need Internet Connection

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Cloud Storage Services

Advantages Disadvantages
• Access speed is dependent upon
• Maintenance: cloud service will take care of disk the speed of your Internet connection
defragmentation, backups, encryption, and security
• File Security dependent upon the
• Hardware upgrades: The cloud service will cloud service's security procedures
Computing Essentials 2017

never run out of disk space and can replace failed hard
disks without interruption to the user

• File sharing and collaboration: Users can share

documents, spreadsheets, and files with others from
anywhere with an Internet connection.

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Cloud Storage Service Companies
Computing Essentials 2017

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Mass Storage Devices

To meet the needs of organizations requiring

large amounts of secondary storage
requirements
Computing Essentials 2017

Mass storage devices are specialized high-

capacity secondary storage devices designed
to store large amounts of data for an
organization.

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Mass Storage Devices

 Enterprise storage system

 Most large organizations have established a strategy
called an enterprise storage system
Computing Essentials 2017

 to promote efficient and safe use of data across the

networks within their organizations.

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Mass Storage Devices

Some of the mass storage devices that support this strategy are:

1. File servers
 dedicated computers with very large storage capacities
 provide users access to fast storage and retrieval of data.
Computing Essentials 2017

2. RAID systems
 Redundant Array of Independent Drives
 Data is read or spread on multiple disks. In case of failure, no data will be lost.
 larger versions of the specialized devices
 enhance organizational security by constantly making backup copies of files moving across the
organization’s networks.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-OCdTeZLac

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Mass Storage Devices

3. Network attached storage (NAS)

 a type of file server designed for homes and small businesses.
 less expensive, easier to set up, and easier to manage than most file servers.
 it does not include powerful management tools and features found in many large-scale file servers.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yZDDr0JKVc (first part)
Computing Essentials 2017

4. Organizational cloud storage

 high-speed Internet connection to a dedicated remote storage facility.
 These facilities contain banks of file servers to offer enormous amounts of storage.

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Storage Area Network (SAN)
SAN is a method of using enterprise-level remote storage systems as if they were local
to your computer.

It is an architecture to link remote computer storage devices, such as enterprise

storage systems, to computers such that the devices are as available as locally
attached drives.

In a SAN system, the user’s computer provides the file system for storing data, but the
Computing Essentials 2017

SAN provides the disk space for data.

The key to a SAN is a high-speed network, to access large amount of data.

SANs provide the ability to house data in remote locations and still allow efficient and
secure access.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yZDDr0JKVc (watch second part after NAS)

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Open-Ended Questions (Page 1 of 2)

1. Compare primary storage and secondary storage, and discuss the

most important characteristics of secondary storage.

2. Discuss hard disks including density, platters, tracks, sectors,

cylinders, head crashes, internal, external, and performance
Computing Essentials 2017

enhancements.

3. Discuss solid-state storage including solid-state drives, flash

memory, and USB drives.

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posted on a website, in whole or part.
 Open-Ended Questions (Page 2 of 2)

4. Discuss optical disks including pits, lands, CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray,

and hi def.
Computing Essentials 2017

5. Discuss cloud computing and cloud storage.

6. Describe mass storage devices including enterprise storage

systems, file servers, network attached storage, RAID systems,
organizational cloud storage, and storage area network systems.

© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or
posted on a website, in whole or part.