IP Addressing

Wolaita sodo University

School of Informatics
Department of
Information Technology
Sodo, Ethiopia

Chapter Four Part I

(Phone : +251945777572, Email : [email protected]) 1
Compiled By zerihun nana
Internet Protocol

Binary Notation
• Binary notation
refers to the fact
that computers
communicate in 1s
and 0s
• Converting binary
to decimal requires
an understanding of
the mathematical
basis of a
numbering system –
positional notation
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Internet Protocol

Binary Number System

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Internet Protocol

Converting a Binary Address to Decimal

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Internet Protocol

IP as a Routed Protocol
IP is a connectionless,
unreliable, best-effort delivery
protocol.
IP accepts whatever data is
passed down to it from the
upper layers and forwards the
data in the form of IP Packets.
All the nodes are identified
using an IP address.
Packets are delivered from the
source to the destination using
IP address

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Internet Protocol

Packet Propagation

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Internet Protocol

IP Address
IP address is for the INTERFACE of a host. Multiple
interfaces mean multiple IP addresses, i.e., routers.
32 bit IP address in dotted-decimal notation for ease
of reading, i.e., 193.140.195.66
Address 0.0.0.0, 127.0.0.1 and 255.255.255.255
carries special meaning.
IP address is divided into a network number and a
host number.
Also bits in Network or Host Address cannot be all
0 or 1.
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Internet Protocol

Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4

Address

 To define the network and host portions of an address, a devices use

a separate 32-bit pattern called a subnet mask
 The subnet mask does not actually contain the network or host
portion of an IPv4 address, it just says where to look for these
portions in a given IPv4 address

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Internet Protocol

IPv4 Network, Host, and Broadcast Address

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Internet Protocol

First Host and Last Host Addresses

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Internet Protocol

Bitwise AND Operation

1 AND 1 = 1 1 AND 0 = 0 0 AND 1 = 0 0 AND 0 = 0

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Internet Protocol

Legacy Classful Addressing

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Internet Protocol

IP Address

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Internet Protocol

IP Address
Class A : Address begins with bit 0. It has 8 bit
network number (range 0.0.0.0-to-127.255.255.255),
24 bit host number.
Class B : Address begins with bits 10. It has 16 bit
network number (range 128.0.0.0-to-
191.255.255.255), 16 bit host number.
Class C : Address begins with bits 110. It has 24 bit
network number (range 192.0.0.0-to-
223.255.255.255), 8 bit host number.
Class D : Begins with 1110, multicast addresses
(224.0.0.0-to-239.255.255.255)
Class E : Begins with 11110, unused

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Internet Protocol

Subnet Mask
Consider IP address = 192.168.2.25
First few bits (left to right) identify network/subnet
Remaining bits identify host/interface
Number of subnet bits is called subnet mask, e.g.
Subnet IP Address range is 192.168.2.0 –
192.168.2.255 or Mask = 255.255.255.0
Subnet IP Address range is 192.168.2.0 –
192.168.2.15 or Mask = 255.255.255.240

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Internet Protocol

IP Configuration of an Interface
Static DHCP

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Internet Protocol

Host Communication In an IPv4

In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate one of
three different ways:
1.Unicast - the process of sending a packet from one
host to an individual host.

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Internet Protocol

Host Communication In an IPv4

2. Broadcast - the process of sending a packet from one host
to all hosts in the network

Routers do not Directed broadcast

forward a limited •Destination 172.16.4.255
broadcast! •Hosts within the
172.16.4.0/24 network

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Internet Protocol

Host Communication In an IPv4

• Multicast - the process of sending a packet from one
host to a selected group of hosts, possibly in
different networks
• Reduces traffic
• Reserved for addressing multicast groups - 224.0.0.0
to 239.255.255.255.
• Link local - 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 (Example: routing
information exchanged by routing protocols)
• Globally scoped addresses - 224.0.1.0 to
238.255.255.255 (Example: 224.0.1.1 has been
reserved for Network Time Protocol)
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Internet Protocol

Public and Private IPv4 Addresses

Private address blocks are:
•Hosts that do not require access to the Internet can
use private addresses
•10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
•172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12)
•192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16)
Shared address space addresses:
•Not globally routable
•Intended only for use in service provider networks
•Address block is 100.64.0.0/10

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Internet Protocol

Special Use IPv4 Addresses

• Network and Broadcast addresses - within each network the
first and last addresses cannot be assigned to hosts
• Loopback address - 127.0.0.1 a special address that hosts use
to direct traffic to themselves (addresses 127.0.0.0 to
127.255.255.255 are reserved)
• Link-Local address - 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255
(169.254.0.0/16) addresses can be automatically assigned to
the local host
• TEST-NET addresses - 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 (192.0.2.0/24)
set aside for teaching and learning purposes, used in
documentation and network examples
• Experimental addresses - 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254 are
listed as reserved
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Internet Protocol

Classless Addressing
• Classless Addressing
• Formal name is Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR)
• Created a new set of standards that allowed service
providers to allocate IPv4 addresses on any
address bit boundary (prefix length) instead of only
by a class A, B, or C address

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Internet Protocol

Network Portion and Host Portion of an IPv4

Address
Valid Subnet Masks

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Internet Protocol

Examining the Prefix Length

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Internet Protocol

IP Address, Subnet Mask and

Gateway
IP Address and Subnet Mask define the Subnet
For Example IP address 172.31.1.0 and Subnet Mask
of 255.255.240.0 means that the subnet address
ranges from 172.31.0.0 to 172.31.15.255
Another notation is 172.31.1.0/28
The first Address is the Network Address and the last
Address is the Broadcast Address. They are reserved
and cannot be assigned to any node.
The Gateway Address is the Address of the router
where the packet should be sent in case the
destination host does not belong to the same subnet
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Internet Protocol

Assignment of IP Addresses
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
The major registries are:

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Internet Protocol

Assignment of IP Addresses

ISPs are large national

or international ISPs that
are directly connected to
the Internet backbone.

Tier 2 ISPs generally

focus on business
customers.

Tier 3 ISPs often bundle Tier 3 ISPs purchase

Internet connectivity as a part
their Internet service
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of network and computer
service contracts for their from Tier 2 ISPs.
Internet Protocol

ARP
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used in
Ethernet Networks to find the MAC address of a
node given its IP address.
Source node (say 192.168.2.32) sends broadcast
message (ARP Request) on its subnet asking ``Who
is 192.168.2.33’’.
All computers on subnet receive this request
Destination responds (ARP Reply) since it has
192.168.2.33
Provides its MAC address in response
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Internet Protocol

IPv6
Internet Protocol Version 4 is the most popular protocol in
use today, although there are some questions about its
capability to serve the Internet community much longer.
IPv4 was finished in the 1970s and has started to show its
age.
The main issue surrounding IPv4 is addressing—or, the
lack of addressing—because many experts believe that we
are nearly out of the four billion addresses available in
IPv4.
Although this seems like a very large number of addresses,
multiple large blocks are given to government agencies
and large organizations.
IPv6 could be the solution to many problems posed by IPv4

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Internet Protocol

IPv6
IPv6 uses 128 bit address instead of 32 bit address.
The IPv6 addresses are being distributed and are
supposed to be used based on geographical
location.

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Internet Protocol

The Need for IPv6

IPv6 is designed to be the successor to IPv4
Depletion of IPv4 address space has been the motivating factor for
moving to IPv6
Projections show that all five RIRs will run out of IPv4 addresses
between 2015 and 2020
With an increasing Internet population, a limited IPv4 address space,
issues with NAT and an Internet of things, the time has come to begin
the transition to IPv6!

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Internet Protocol

The Need for IPv6

IPv4 has theoretical maximum of 4.3 billion addresses
plus private addresses in combination with NAT
IPv6 larger 128-bit address space providing for 340
undecillion addresses
IPv6 fixes the limitations of IPv4 and include
additional enhancements such as ICMPv6

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Internet Protocol

IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence

The migration techniques can be divided into three
categories:

Dual-stack: Allows IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist on the same

network. Devices run both IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks
simultaneously.
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Internet Protocol

IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence

The migration techniques can be divided into three
categories:

Tunneling: A method of transporting an IPv6 packet over an

IPv4 network. The IPv6 packet is encapsulated inside an IPv4
packet. 34
Internet Protocol

IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence

The migration techniques can be divided into three
categories:

Translation: Network Address Translation 64 (NAT64) allows IPv6-enabled

devices to communicate with IPv4-enabled devices using a translation
technique similar to NAT for IPv4. An IPv6 packet is translated to an IPv4
packet, and vice versa.
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Internet Protocol

Hexadecimal Number System

• Hexadecimal is a base
sixteen system
• Base 16 numbering
system uses the
numbers 0 to 9 and the
letters A to F
• Four bits (half of a byte)
can be represented
with a single
hexadecimal value

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Internet Protocol

IPv6 Address Representation

• Look at the binary bit
patterns that match
the decimal and
hexadecimal values

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Internet Protocol IPv6

IPv6 Address Representation

• 128 bits in length and written as a string of
hexadecimal values
• In IPv6, 4 bits represents a single hexadecimal digit,
32 hexadecimal values = IPv6 address

–2001:0DB8:0000:1111:0000:0000:0000:0200
–FE80:0000:0000:0000:0123:4567:89AB:CDEF

• Hextet used to refer to a segment of 16 bits or four

hexadecimals
• Can be written in either lowercase or uppercase
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Internet Protocol IPv6

Rule 1- Omitting Leading 0s

• The first rule to help reduce the notation of IPv6
addresses is any leading 0s (zeros) in any 16-bit section
or hextet can be omitted

 01AB can be represented as 1AB

 09F0 can be represented as 9F0
 0A00 can be represented as A00
 00AB can be represented as AB

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Rule 2- Omitting All 0 Segments

• A double colon (::) can replace any single,

contiguous string of one or more 16-bit segments
(hextets) consisting of all 0’s
• Double colon (::) can only be used once within
an address otherwise the address will be
ambiguous
• Known as the compressed format
• Incorrect address - 2001:0DB8::ABCD::1234

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Rule 2- Omitting All 0 Segments

• Examples

#1

#2
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Internet Protocol IPv6

IPv6 Address Types

There are three types of IPv6 addresses:

 Unicast

 Multicast

 Anycast.

Note: IPv6 does not have broadcast

addresses.

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Internet Protocol IPv6

IPv6 Prefix Length

• IPv6 does not use the dotted-decimal subnet mask notation
• Prefix length indicates the network portion of an IPv6
address using the following format:
 IPv6 address/prefix length
 Prefix length can range from 0 to 128
 Typical prefix length is /64

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Internet Protocol IPv6

IPv6 Unicast Addresses

Unicast
 Uniquely identifies an interface on an IPv6-enabled
device
 A packet sent to a unicast address is received by the
interface that is assigned that address.

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Internet Protocol IPv6

IPv6 Unicast Addresses

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Internet Protocol IPv6

IPv6 Unicast Addresses

• Global unicast
 Similar to a public IPv4 address
 Globally unique
 Internet routable addresses.
 Can be configured statically or assigned dynamically
• Link-local
 Used to communicate with other devices on the same
local link
 Confined to a single link - not routable beyond the link

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Internet Protocol IPv6

IPv6 Unicast Addresses

Loopback
 Used by a host to send a packet to itself and cannot be
assigned to a physical interface
 Ping an IPv6 loopback address to test the configuration of
TCP/IP on the local host
 All-0s except for the last bit, represented as ::1/128 or just ::1

Unspecified address
 All-0’s address represented as ::/128 or just ::
 Cannot be assigned to an interface and is only used as a
source address
 An unspecified address is used as a source address when
the device does not yet have a permanent IPv6 address or
when the source of the packet is irrelevant to the destination 47
Internet Protocol IPv6

IPv6 Unicast Addresses

 Unique local
Similar to private addresses for IPv4
Used for local addressing within a site or
between a limited number of sites
In the range of FC00::/7 to FDFF::/7
 IPv4 embedded (not covered in this
course)
Used to help transition from IPv4 to IPv6

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Internet Protocol IPv6

IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Addresses

 Every IPv6-enabled network interface is REQUIRED to
have a link-local address
 Enables a device to communicate with other IPv6-
enabled devices on the same link and only on that link
(subnet)
 FE80::/10 range, first 10 bits are 1111 1110 10xx xxxx
 1111 1110 1000 0000 (FE80) - 1111 1110 1011 1111
(FEBF)

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Internet Protocol IPv6

IPv6 Link-Local Unicast Addresses

 Packets with a source or destination link-local address
cannot be routed beyond the link from where the
packet originated

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address

 IPv6 global unicast addresses are globally

unique and routable on the IPv6 Internet
 Equivalent to public IPv4 addresses
 ICANN allocates IPv6 address blocks to
the five RIRs
 Currently, only global unicast addresses
with the first three bits of 001 or 2000::/3
are being assigned
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Internet Protocol IPv6

Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address

• Currently, only global unicast addresses with the first

three bits of 001 or 2000::/3 are being assigned

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address

• A global unicast address has three parts:

• Global Routing Prefix- prefix or network portion of the address

assigned by the provider, such as an ISP, to a customer or site,
currently, RIR’s assign a /48 global routing prefix to customers
• 2001:0DB8:ACAD::/48 has a prefix that indicates that the first 48
bits (2001:0DB8:ACAD) is the prefix or network portion
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Internet Protocol IPv6

Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address

• Subnet ID
• Used by an organization to identify subnets within its site
• Interface ID
• Equivalent to the host portion of an IPv4 address
• Used because a single host may have multiple interfaces, each
having one or more IPv6 addresses

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Static Configuration of a Global Unicast Address

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Static Configuration of an IPv6 Global Unicast Address

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast Address

using SLAAC

Stateless Address Auto configuration (SLAAC)

A method that allows a device to obtain its prefix,
prefix length and default gateway from an IPv6 router
No DHCPv6 server needed
Rely on ICMPv6 Router Advertisement (RA)
messages

IPv6 routers
Forwards IPv6 packets between networks
Can be configured with static routes or a dynamic
IPv6 routing protocol
Sends ICMPv6 RA messages
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Internet Protocol IPv6

Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast

Address using SLAAC
Command IPv6 unicast routing enables IPv6 routing

RA message can contain one of the following three options

SLAAC Only – use the information contained in the RA
message
SLAAC and DHCPv6 – use the information contained in the RA
message and get other information from the DHCPv6 server,
stateless DHCPv6 (example: DNS)
DHCPv6 only – device should not use the information in the RA,
stateful DHCPv6

Routers send ICMPv6 RA messages using the link-local address

as the source IPv6 address

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast Address

using SLAAC

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast

Address using DHCPv6

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)

Similar to IPv4
Automatically receive addressing information including a global
unicast address, prefix length, default gateway address and the
addresses of DNS servers using the services of a DHCPv6 server
Device may receive all or some of its IPv6 addressing
information from a DHCPv6 server depending upon whether
option 2 (SLAAC and DHCPv6) or option 3 (DHCPv6 only) is
specified in the ICMPv6 RA message
Host may choose to ignore whatever is in the router’s RA
message and obtain its IPv6 address and other information
directly from a DHCPv6 server.

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast

Address using DHCPv6

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Internet Protocol IPv6

EUI-64 Process or Randomly Generated

EUI-64 Process
process uses a client’s 48-bit Ethernet MAC address, and
inserts another 16 bits in the middle of the 46-bit MAC address to
create a 64-bit Interface ID
advantage is Ethernet MAC address can be used to determine
the Interface – easily tracked

EUI-64 Interface ID is represented in binary and is made up of

three parts:
24-bit OUI from the client MAC address, but the 7th bit (the
Universally/Locally bit) is reversed (0 becomes a 1)
inserted 16-bit value FFFE
24-bit device identifier from the client MAC address

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Internet Protocol IPv6

EUI-64 Process or Randomly Generated

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Internet Protocol IPv6

EUI-64 Process or Randomly Generated

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Internet Protocol IPv6

EUI-64 Process or Randomly Generated

Randomly Generated Interface IDs

Depending upon the operating system, a device may

use a randomly generated Interface ID instead of using
the MAC address and the EUI-64 process
Beginning with Windows Vista, Windows uses a
randomly generated Interface ID instead of one created
with EUI-64
Windows XP and previous Windows operating
systems used EUI-64

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Dynamic Link-local Addresses

Link-local Address

After a global unicast address is assigned to an interface,

IPv6-enabled device automatically generates its link-local
address
Must have a link-local address which enables a device to
communicate with other IPv6-enabled devices on the same
subnet
Uses the link-local address of the local router for its default
gateway IPv6 address
Routers exchange dynamic routing protocol messages using
link-local addresses
Routers’ routing tables use the link-local address to identify
the next-hop router when forwarding IPv6 packets
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Internet Protocol IPv6

Dynamic Link-local Addresses

Dynamically Assigned
Link-local address is dynamically created using the FE80::/10 prefix
and the Interface ID

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Static Link-local Addresses

Configuring link-local

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Static Link-local Addresses

Configuring link-local

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Internet Protocol IPv6

IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses

Verifying IPv6 Address Configuration

Each interface has two IPv6

addresses -

1.global unicast address that

was configured
2.one that begins with FE80
is automatically added link-
local unicast address

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Internet Protocol IPv6

IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses

Verifying IPv6 Address Configuration

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses

 IPv6 multicast addresses have the

prefix FFxx::/8
 There are two types of IPv6 multicast
addresses:
Assigned multicast
Solicited node multicast

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses

Two common IPv6 assigned multicast groups
include:
 FF02::1 All-nodes multicast group –
• all IPv6-enabled devices join
• same effect as an IPv4 broadcast address
 FF02::2 All-routers multicast group –
• all IPv6 routers join
• a router becomes a member of this group when it is
enabled as an IPv6 router with the ipv6 unicast-routing
global configuration command
• a packet sent to this group is received and processed by
all IPv6 routers on the link or network.
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Internet Protocol IPv6

Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Solicited Node IPv6 Multicast Addresses

 Similar to the all-nodes multicast address, matches only the last 24 bits of
the IPv6 global unicast address of a device

 Automatically created when the global unicast or link-local unicast

addresses are assigned
 Created by combining a special FF02:0:0:0:0:FF00::/104 prefix with the
right-most 24 bits of its unicast address.
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Internet Protocol IPv6

Solicited Node IPv6 Multicast Addresses

 The solicited node multicast address consists of two parts:

 FF02:0:0:0:0:FF00::/104 multicast prefix - first 104 bits of
the all solicited node multicast address
 Least significant 24-bits – copied from the right-most 24 bits
of the global unicast or link-local unicast address of the
device

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Internet Protocol IPv6

ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 Messages

 ICMP messages common to both ICMPv4 and
ICMPv6 include:
 Host confirmation
 Destination or Service Unreachable
 Time exceeded
 Route redirection
 Although IP is not a reliable protocol, the
TCP/IP suite does provide for messages to be
sent in the event of certain errors, sent using
the services of ICMP
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Internet Protocol IPv6

ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router

Advertisement Messages
• ICMPv6 includes four new protocols as part of the
Neighbor Discovery Protocol (ND or NDP):
 Router Solicitation message
 Router Advertisement message
 Neighbor Solicitation message
 Neighbor Advertisement message
• Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement
Message: Sent between hosts and routers.
• Router Solicitation (RS) message: RS message is
sent as an IPv6 all-routers multicast message
• Router Advertisement (RA) message: RA messages
are sent by routers to provide addressing information 78
Internet Protocol IPv6

ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router

Advertisement Messages

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Internet Protocol IPv6

ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitation and Neighbor

Advertisement Messages

Two additional message types

 Neighbor Solicitation (NS)
 Neighbor Advertisement (NA) messages
Used for:
 Address resolution
 Used when a device on the LAN knows the IPv6
unicast address of a destination but does not
know its Ethernet MAC address
 Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
 Performed on the address to ensure that it is
unique
 The device will send a NS message with its own
IPv6 address as the targeted IPv6 address

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Internet Protocol IPv6

ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitation and Neighbor

Advertisement Messages

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Ping - Testing the Local Stack

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Ping – Testing Connectivity to the Local LAN

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Internet Protocol IPv6

Ping – Testing Connectivity to Remote

84
Internet Protocol IPv6

Traceroute – Testing the Path

Traceroute (tracert)

Generates a list of hops that were successfully reached along the

path
Provides important verification and troubleshooting information
If the data reaches the destination, then the trace lists the interface
of every router in the path between the hosts
If the data fails at some hop along the way, the address of the last
router that responded to the trace can provide an indication of where
the problem or security restrictions are found
Provides round trip time for each hop along the path and indicates
if a hop fails to respond

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Internet Protocol

Chapter Four
Part One End

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