Data Transmission

Wolaita Sodo University

School of Informatics
Information Technology
Sodo, Ethiopia

Chapter Two
(Phone : +251945777572, Email : [email protected])
Compiled By Zerihun Nana
Data Transmission

Key Elements in Communication

 Transmitter
 Receiver
 Medium
Guided medium
• e.g. twisted pair, optical fiber
Unguided medium
• e.g. air, water, vacuum

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Data Transmission

Communication Ways
 Direct link (Point-to-point)
No intermediate devices
Only 2 devices share link
 Multi-point
More than two devices share the link

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Data Transmission

Modes of Data Transmission

 Simplex
One direction
e.g. Television
 Half duplex
Either direction, but only one way at a time
e.g. police radio
Wacky talky
 Full duplex
Both directions at the same time
• e.g. telephone 4
Data Transmission

Analog and Digital Data

 Analog
– Continuous values within some interval
– e.g. sound, video
– Use amplifiers to boost signal
 Digital
– Discrete values
– e.g. text, integers
– Use Repeater to boost signal
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Data Transmission

Analog and Digital Signals

 Means by which data are propagated

 Analog
– Continuously variable
– Various media
• wire, fiber optic, space
– Speech bandwidth 100Hz to 7kHz
– Telephone bandwidth 300Hz to 3400Hz
– Video bandwidth 4MHz
 Digital
– Use two DC components
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Data Transmission

Analog and Digital Data Transmission

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Data Transmission

Advantages & Disadvantages of Digital

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Data Transmission

Attenuation of Digital Signals

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Data Transmission

Conversion of PC Input to Digital Signal

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Data Transmission

Analog Transmission
• Analog signal transmitted without regard
to content
• May be analog or digital data
• Attenuated over distance
• Use amplifiers to boost signal
• Also amplifies noise

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Data Transmission

Digital Transmission
• Concerned with content
• Integrity endangered by noise, attenuation
etc.
• Repeaters used
• Repeater receives signal
• Extracts bit pattern
• Retransmits
• Attenuation is overcome
• Noise is not amplified 12
Data Transmission

Transmission Impairments
• Signal received may differ from signal
transmitted
• Analog - degradation of signal quality
• Digital - bit errors
• Caused by
– Attenuation and attenuation distortion
– Delay distortion
– Noise
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Data Transmission

Attenuation
• Signal strength falls off with distance
• Depends on medium
• Received signal strength:
– must be enough to be detected
– must be sufficiently higher than noise to be
received without error
• Attenuation is an increasing function of
frequency
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Data Transmission

Delay Distortion
• Only in guided media
• Propagation velocity varies with frequency

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Data Transmission

Noise (1)
• Additional signals inserted between
transmitter and receiver
• Thermal
– Due to thermal agitation of electrons
– Uniformly distributed
– White noise
• Intermodulation
– Signals that are the sum and difference of
original frequencies sharing a medium
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Data Transmission

Noise (2)
• Crosstalk
– A signal from one line is picked up by another
• Impulse
– Irregular pulses or spikes
– e.g. External electromagnetic interference
– Short duration
– High amplitude

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Data Transmission

Channel Capacity
• Data rate
– In bits per second
– Rate at which data can be communicated
• Bandwidth
– In cycles per second of Hertz
– Constrained by transmitter and medium

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 Transmission Media
Data Transmission
Two types of transmission media
– Guided - wire
– Unguided - wireless
Characteristics and quality determined by medium and
signal
•For guided, the medium is more important
•For unguided, the bandwidth produced by the antenna is
more important
•Key concerns are data rate and distance

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Data Transmission

Design Factors
• Bandwidth
– Higher bandwidth gives higher data rate
• Transmission impairments
– Attenuation
• Interference
• Number of receivers
– In guided media
– More receivers (multi-point) introduce more
attenuation 20
Data Transmission

Guided Transmission Media

Twisted Pair
Coaxial cable
Optical fiber

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Data Transmission

Twisted Pair

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Data Transmission

Twisted Pair – Application

• Most common medium

• Telephone network
– Between house and local exchange
(subscriber loop)
• Within buildings
– To private branch exchange (PBX)
• For local area networks (LAN)
– 10Mbps or 100Mbps
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Data Transmission

Twisted Pair – Pros and Cons

Pros
Cheap
Easy to work with
Cons
Low data rate
Short range

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Data Transmission

Twisted Pair - Transmission

Characteristics
• Analog
– Amplifiers every 5km to 6km
• Digital
– Use either analog or digital signals
– repeater every 2km or 3km
• Limited distance
• Limited bandwidth (1MHz)
• Limited data rate (100MHz)
• Susceptible to interference and noise 25
Data Transmission

Coaxial Cable

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Data Transmission

Coaxial Cable Applications

• Most versatile medium
• Television distribution
– Ariel to TV
– Cable TV
• Long distance telephone transmission
– Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
– Being replaced by fiber optic
• Short distance computer systems links
• Local area networks 27
Data Transmission

Coaxial Cable - Transmission

Characteristics

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Data Transmission

Optical Fiber

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Data Transmission

Optical Fiber - Benefits

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Data Transmission

Optical Fiber - Applications

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Data Transmission

Wireless Transmission

 Antennas
 Satellite Microwave
 Satellite Broadcast Link

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