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CH 1

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15 views17 pages

CH 1

Uploaded by

kevin matthew
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Organization

and Architecture

For Students of
Computer Science &
Software Engineering

2024
William Stallings
Computer Organization
and Architecture

Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Architecture & Organization (1)
• Architecture is those attributes visible to the
programmer
• Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing
techniques.
e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
• Organization is how features are implemented
• Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by
repeated addition?
Architecture & Organization (2)

• All Intel x86 family share the same basic


architecture
• The IBM System/370 family share the
same basic architecture

• This gives code compatibility


At least backwards
• Organization differs between different
versions
1.2 Structure & Function

• Structure is the way in which components


relate to each other

• Function is the operation of individual


components as part of the structure
1.2.1 Four Basic Functions

• All computer functions are:


• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data movement
• Control
Functional view

• Functional view of a computer


Data
Storage
Facility

Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus

Data
Processing
Facility
Operations (1)

• Data movement
e.g. keyboard to screen
Data
Storage
Facility

Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus

Data
Processing
Facility
Operations (2)
•Storage
e.g. Internet download to disk
Data
Storage
Facility

Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus

Data
Processing
Facility
Operation (3)

• Processing from/to storage


e.g. updating bank statement
Data
Storage
Facility

Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus

Data
Processing
Facility
Operation (4)

• Processing from storage to I/O


e.g. printing a bank statement
Data
Storage
Facility

Data
Control
Movement
Mechanism
Apparatus

Data
Processing
Facility
1.2.2 Structure
Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit

Computer
Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structure - The CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Logic Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit
Structure - The Control Unit

Control Unit

CPU Sequencing
ALU Logic
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory
1.3 Outline of the Book (1)

• Computer Evolution and Performance


• Computer Interconnection Structures
• Internal Memory(Cache)
• External Memory
• Input/Output
• Operating Systems Support
• Computer Arithmetic
• Instruction Sets
Outline of the Book (2 )

• CPU Structure and Function


• Reduced Instruction Set Computers
• Superscalar Processors
• Control Unit Operation
• Microprogrammed Control
Chapter 1 Homework

1.1 Explain these concepts


computer architecture
computer organization
computer structure
computer function
1.2 List four basic functions of a computer.
1.3 List the main elements of a computer.
1.4 List the main elements of a CPU.
1.5 List the main elements of a CU.

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