Reading and Writing Files

• The function f=open(filename, mode) opens a file for reading or

writing.
• mode can be:
“r” – Reading
“w”- Writing
“a”- Append
“r+”- Open for both reading and writing.
“b” – Open the file in binary mode (only in Windows)
File Input/Output
input_file = open(“in.txt")
output_file = open(“out.txt", "w")
for line in input_file:
output_file.write(line) “w” = “write mode”
“a” = “append mode”
“wb” = “write in binary”
“r” = “read mode” (default)
“rb” = “read in binary”
“U” = “read files with Unix
or Windows line endings”
Reading a file
• s = f.read(size)
• It will read size characters from the file and place it in string s.
• s = f.read()
• It reads the entire file and places it in string s.
• s = f.readline()
• It reads a single line from the file.
• l = f.readlines()
• It returns a list with all the lines in the file.
Writing to a file
• f.write(s)
• It write string s to file f.
• f.seek(pos)
• Changes the fileposition to pos
• f.close()
• It closes the file
Reading Files
name = open("filename")
• opens the given file for reading, and returns a file object

name.read() - file's entire contents as a string

name.readline() - next line from file as a string
name.readlines() - file's contents as a list of lines
• the lines from a file object can also be read using a for loop

>>> f = open("hours.txt")
>>> f.read()
'123 Susan 12.5 8.1 7.6 3.2\n
456 Brad 4.0 11.6 6.5 2.7 12\n
789 Jenn 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.5\n'
File Input Template
• A template for reading files in Python:

name = open("filename")
for line in name:
statements

>>> input = open("hours.txt")

>>> for line in input:
... print(line.strip()) # strip() removes \n

123 Susan 12.5 8.1 7.6 3.2

456 Brad 4.0 11.6 6.5 2.7 12
789 Jenn 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.5
Exercise
• Write a function input_stats that accepts a file name as a
parameter and that reports the longest line in the file.
• example input file, carroll.txt:
Beware the Jabberwock, my son,
the jaws that bite, the claws that catch,
Beware the JubJub bird and shun
the frumious bandersnatch.

• expected output:

>>> input_stats("carroll.txt")
longest line = 42 characters
the jaws that bite, the claws that catch,
Exercise Solution
def input_stats(filename):
input = open(filename)
longest = ""
for line in input:
if len(line) > len(longest):
longest = line

print("Longest line =", len(longest))

print(longest)
String Splitting
• split breaks a string into tokens that you can loop over.
name.split() # break by whitespace
name.split(delimiter) # break by delimiter

• join performs the opposite of a split

delimiter.join(list of tokens)

>>> name = "Brave Sir Robin"

>>> for word in name.split():
... print(word)
Brave
Sir
Robin
>>> "LL".join(name.split("r"))
'BLLave SiLL Robin
Splitting into Variables
• If you know the number of tokens, you can split them directly into
a sequence of variables.
var1, var2, ..., varN = string.split()

• may want to convert type of some tokens: type(value)

>>> s = "Jessica 31 647.28"

>>> name, age, money = s.split()
>>> name
'Jessica'
>>> int(age)
31
>>> float(money)
647.28
Tokenizing File Input
• Use split to tokenize line contents when reading files.
• You may want to type-cast tokens: type(value)
>>> f = open("example.txt")
>>> line = f.readline()
>>> line
'hello world 42 3.14\n'

>>> tokens = line.split()

>>> tokens
['hello', 'world', '42', '3.14']

>>> word = tokens[0]

'hello'
>>> answer = int(tokens[2])
42
>>> pi = float(tokens[3])
3.14
Exercise
• Suppose we have this hours.txt data:
123 Suzy 9.5 8.1 7.6 3.1 3.2
456 Brad 7.0 9.6 6.5 4.9 8.8
789 Jenn 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.5

• Compute each worker's total hours and hours/day.

• Assume each worker works exactly five days.
Suzy ID 123 worked 31.4 hours: 6.3 / day
Brad ID 456 worked 36.8 hours: 7.36 / day
Jenn ID 789 worked 39.5 hours: 7.9 / day
Exercise Answer
Writing Files
name = open("filename", "w")
name = open("filename", "a")
• opens file for write (deletes previous contents), or
• opens file for append (new data goes after previous data)

name.write(str) - writes the given string to the file

name.close() - saves file once writing is done

>>> out = open("output.txt", "w")

>>> out.write("Hello, world!\n")
>>> out.write("How are you?")
>>> out.close()
>>> open("output.txt").read()
'Hello, world!\nHow are you?'
Exceptions
• In python the best way to handle errors is with
exceptions.
• Exceptions separates the main code from the error
handling making the program easier to read.
try:
statements
except:
error handling
Exceptions
• Example:
import sys

try:
f = open('myfile.txt')
s = f.readline()
i = int(s.strip())
except IOError as (errno, strerror):
print "I/O error({0}): {1}".format(errno, strerror)
except ValueError:
print "Could not convert data to an integer."
except:
print "Unexpected error:", sys.exc_info()[0]
raise
The finally statement
• The finally: statement is executed under all circumstances even if an
exception is thrown.
• Cleanup statements such as closing files can be added to a finally
stetement.
Finally statement
import sys

try:
f = open('myfile.txt')
s = f.readline()
i = int(s.strip())
except IOError as (errno, strerror):
print "I/O error({0}): {1}".format(errno, strerror)
except ValueError:
print "Could not convert data to an integer."
except:
print "Unexpected error:", sys.exc_info()[0]
finally:
f.close() # Called with or without exceptions.
Error Handling With Exceptions
• Exceptions are used to deal with extraordinary errors
(‘exceptional ones’).
• Typically these are fatal runtime errors (“crashes” program)
• Example: trying to open a non-existent file
• Basic structure of handling exceptions
try:
Attempt something where exception error may happen
except <exception type>:
React to the error
else: # Not always needed
What to do if no error is encountered
finally: # Not always needed
Actions that must always be performed
Exceptions: File Example
• Name of the online example: file_exception.py
• Input file name: Most of the previous input files can be used e.g. “input1.txt”
inputFileOK = False
while (inputFileOK == False):
try:
inputFileName = input("Enter name of input file: ")
inputFile = open(inputFileName, "r")
except IOError:
print("File", inputFileName, "could not be opened")
else:
print("Opening file", inputFileName, " for reading.")
inputFileOK = True

for line in inputFile:

sys.stdout.write(line)
print ("Completed reading of file", inputFileName)
inputFile.close()
print ("Closed file", inputFileName)
Exceptions: File Example (2)
# Still inside the body of the while loop (continued)
finally:
if (inputFileOK == True):
print ("Successfully read information from file",
inputFileName)
else:
print ("Unsuccessfully attempted to read information
from file", inputFileName)
Exception Handling: Keyboard Input
• Name of the online example: exception_validation.py

inputOK = False
while (inputOK == False):
try:
num = input("Enter a number: ")
num = float(num)
except ValueError: # Can’t convert to a number
print("Non-numeric type entered '%s'" %num)
else: # All characters are part of a number
inputOK = True
num = num * 2
print(num)
Example of using Files
>>> f=open("f.py","r")
>>> s=f.read()
>>> print(s)

def fac(n):
r=1
for i in range(1,n+1):
r=r*i
return r

import sys
n = int(sys.argv[1])
print("The factorial of ", n, " is ", fac(n))

>>> f.close()
>>>
Predefined cleanup actions
• The with statement will automatically close the file once it is no
longer in use.

with open("myfile.txt") as f:
for line in f:
print line

After finishing the with statement will close the file.

Useful links
• https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#file-objects
• https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/inputoutput.html#reading-and-wri
ting-files
• http://cmdlinetips.com/2011/08/three-ways-to-read-a-text-file-line-b
y-line-in-python/
• https://www.slideshare.net/Felix11H/python-file-operations-data-par
sing-40992696