Lecture 2
Review
Variables and data types
Operators
Epilogue
1
Review: Basics
• Variable declarations: int i ; float f ;
• Intialization: char c=’A’; int x=y=10;
• Operators: +,−,∗,/,%
• Expressions: int x,y,z; x=y∗2+z∗3;
• Function: int factorial ( int n); /∗function takes int , returns int
∗/
2
Lecture 2
Review
Variables and data types
Operators
Epilogue
3
Definitions
Datatypes:
• The datatype of an object in memory determines the set
of values it can have and what operations that can be
performed on it.
• C is a weakly typed language. It allows implicit conversions
as well as forced casting.
Operators:
• Operators specify how an object (value/string) can
be manipulated (e.g.,, numeric vs. string operations).
• operators can be unary(e.g., -,++),binary (e.g.,
+,-,*,/),ternary (?:)
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Ternary conditional syntax
condition ? expression_if_true : expression_if_false;
Definitions (contd.)
Expressions:
• An expression in a programming language is a
combination of values, variables, operators, and functions
Variables:
• A variable is as named link/reference to a value stored in
the system’s memory or an expression that can be
evaluated.
Consider: int x,y; y=x+2;.
• x, y are variables
• y = x + 2 is an expression
• + is an operator.
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Variable names
Naming rules:
• Variable names can contain letters,digits and _
• Variable names should start with letters.
• Keywords (e.g., for,while etc.) cannot be used as variable names
(Keywords in C programming are reserved words with predefined meanings
that cannot be used as identifiers, such as variable or function names, as
they serve specific purposes in the language syntax.)
• Variable names are case sensitive. int x; int X declares two different
variables.
Pop quiz (correct/incorrect):
• int money$owed; (incorrect: cannot contain $)
• int total_count (correct)
• int score2 (correct)
• int 2ndscore (incorrect: must start with a letter)
• int long (incorrect: cannot use keyword)
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Data types and sizes
C has a small family of datatypes.
• Numeric (int,float,double)
• Character (char)
• User defined (struct,union)
6
Numeric data types
7
Numeric data types
7
Numeric data types
sizeof (short) ≤ sizeof (int) ≤ sizeof (long) ≤ sizeof (long long)
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Constants
Constants are literal/fixed values assigned to variables or used
directly in expressions.
Datatype example meaning
int i=3; integer
long l=3; long integer
integer
int i=0xA; hexadecimal
int i=012; octal number
float pi=3.14159 float
floating point float pi=3.141F float
double pi=3.1415926535897932384L double
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Constants (contd.)
Datatype example meaning
’A’ character
character ’\x41’ specified in hex
’\0101’ specified in octal
"hello world" string literal
string
"hello""world" same as "hello world"
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Declarations
The general format for a declaration is
type variable-name [=value] .
Examples:
• char x; /∗ uninitialized ∗/
• char x=’A’; /∗ intialized to ’ A’∗/
• char x=’A’,y=’B’; /∗multiple variables
initialized ∗/
• char x=y=’Z’;/∗multiple initializations
∗/
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Lecture 2
Review
Variables and data types
Operators
Epilogue
14
Arithmetic operators
operator meaning examples
x=3+2; /∗constants∗/
+ addition y+z;
/∗variables∗/
x+y+2; /∗both∗/
3−2; /∗constants∗/
- subtraction
int x=y−z;
/∗variables∗/
int y−2−z; /∗both∗/
x=3∗2; /∗constants∗/
* multiplication int x=y∗z; /∗variables∗/
x∗y∗2;
/∗both∗/
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Arithmetic operators (contd.)
operator meaning examples
float x=3/2; /∗produces x=1 (int /) ∗/
/ division float x=3.0/2 /∗produces x=1.5 (float /) ∗/
int x=3.0/2; /∗produces x=1 (int conversion)∗/
modulus int x=3%2; /∗produces x=1∗/
% int y=7;int x=y%4; /∗produces 3∗/
(remainder)
int y=7;int
x=y%10; /∗produces 7∗/
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Relational Operators
Relational operators compare two operands to produce a
’boolean’ result. In C any non-zero value (1 by convention) is
considered to be ’true’ and 0 is considered to be false.
operator meaning examples
3>2; /∗evaluates to 1 ∗/
> greater than
2.99>3 /∗evaluates to 0 ∗/
greater than or 3>=3; /∗evaluates to 1 ∗/
>=
equal to 2.99>=3 /∗evaluates to 0 ∗/
3<3; /∗evaluates to 0 ∗/
< lesser than
’A’<’B’/∗evaluates to 1∗/
lesser than or equal 3<=3; /∗evaluates to 1 ∗/
<=
to 3.99<3 /∗evaluates to 0 ∗/
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Relational Operators
Testing equality is one of the most commonly used relational
operator meaning examples
3==3; /∗evaluates to 1 ∗/
== equal to
operator. ’A’==’a’/∗evaluates to 0 ∗/
3!=3; /∗evaluates to 0 ∗/
!= not equal to
2.99!=3 /∗evaluates to 1 ∗/
Gotchas:
• Not
e
that
the
"=="
equ 17
ality
Logical operators
operator meaning examples
((9/3)==3) && (2∗3==6); /∗evaluates to 1 ∗/
&& AND
(’A’==’a’) && (3==3) /∗evaluates to 0 ∗/
2==3 || ’A’==’A’; /∗evaluates to 1 ∗/
|| OR
2.99>=3 || 0 /∗evaluates to 0 ∗/
!(3==3); /∗evaluates to 0 ∗/
! NOT
!(2.99>=3) /∗evaluates to 1 ∗/
Short circuit: The evaluation of an expression is discontinued if
the value of a conditional expression can be determined early.
Be careful of any side effects in the code.
Examples:
• (3==3) || (( c=getchar())==’y’). The second expression is not
evaluated.
• (0) && ((x=x+1)>0) . The second expression is not
evaluated.
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Increment and decrement operators
Increment and decrement are common arithmetic operation. C
provides two short cuts for the same.
Postfix
• x++ is a short cut for x=x+1
• x−− is a short cut for x=x−1
• y=x++ is a short cut for y=x;x=x+1. x is evaluated before it is
incremented.
• y=x−− is a short cut for y=x;x=x−1. x is evaluated before it
is decremented.
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Increment and decrement operators
Prefix:
• ++x is a short cut for x=x+1
• −−x is a short cut for x=x−1
• y=++x is a short cut for x=x+1;y=x;. x is evaluate after it is
incremented.
• y=−−x is a short cut for x=x−1;y=x;. x is evaluate after it is
decremented.
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Assignment Operators
Another common expression type found while programming in
C is of the type var = var (op) expr
• x=x+1
• x=x∗10
• x=x/2
C provides compact assignment operators that can be used
instead.
• x+=1 /∗is the same as x=x+1∗/
• x−=1 /∗is the same as x=x−1∗/
• x∗=10 /∗is the same as x=x∗10 ∗/
• x/=2 /∗ is the same as x=x/2
• x%=2 /∗is the same as x=x%2
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Conditional Expression
1)
if (condition) {
// Execution if the condition is true
}
2)
if (condition) {
// Execution if the condition is true
} else {
// Execution if the condition is false
}
3)
if (condition1) {
// Execution if condition1 is true
} else if (condition2) {
// Execution if condition2 is true
} else {
// Execution if neither condition1 nor condition2 are true
}
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Conditional Expression
switch (expression) {
case constant1:
// code to be executed if expression matches constant1
break;
case constant2:
// code to be executed if expression matches constant2
break;
// additional cases
default:
// code to be executed if expression doesn't match any constant
}
Basing on the value of the evaluated expression, the control jumps to the
corresponding case label. If none of the case values match the
expression, the default case (if present) will be executed. Each case
block should end with a break statement to exit the switch statement.
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Loops --- FOR
for (initialization; condition; update) {
// code to be executed
}
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#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Even numbers from 1 to 20:\n");
for (int i = 1; i <= 20; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
printf("%d ", i);
}
}
printf("\n");
return 0;
}
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Loops --- WHILE
while (condition) {
// code to be executed
}
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Loops --- WHILE - DO
do {
// code to be executed
} while (condition);
Unlike the while loop, the do-while loop guarantees that the
code block will be executed at least once, as the condition is
checked after the execution of the block.
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#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int i = 1; // Initialization
do {
printf("%d\n", i);
i++; // Increment
} while (i <= 5); //
Condition
return 0;
}
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#include <stdio.h>
int sumDigits(int number) {
int sum = 0;
while (number > 0) {
sum += number % 10;
number /= 10;
}
return sum;
}
int main() {
int number;
scanf("%d", &number);
printf("The sum of digits of %d is %d\n", number,
sumDigits(number));
return 0;
}
#include <stdio.h>
int sumDigits(int number);
int main () {
int number;
scanf("%d", &number);
printf("The sum of digits of %d is %d\n", number,
sumDigits(number));
return 0;
}
int sumDigits(int number) {
int sum = 0;
while (number > 0) {
sum += number % 10;
number /= 10;
}
return sum;
}
"This is only an initialization; we can learn more while
programming more."
