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Differentiation of Parametric Equations

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45 views15 pages

Differentiation of Parametric Equations

Uploaded by

5svygsvwg9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Differentiation of Parametric Equations

• Certain mathematical functions can be


expressed more simply by expressing, say x and
y separately in terms of a third variable.
• For example, y  r sin  ,x  r cos
• Then, any value given to θ will produce a pair of
values for x and y, which may be plotted to
provide a curve of y  f ( x)
• The third variable, θ is called a parameter and
the two expressions for y and x are called
parametric equations
• The above example of y  r sin  and x  r cos
are the parametric equations of a circle. The
equation of any point on a circle, at the origin
and of radius r is given by:
x y r
2 2 2

To show that y  r sin  and x  r cos are


suitable parametric equations of a circle.
Left hand side of the equation:
x y 2 2

 (r cos )  (r sin  )
2 2

 r cos   r sin 
2 2 2 2
 r (cos   sin  ) since cos   sin   1
2 2 2 2 2

 r  right hand side


2
Some Common Parametric Equations
• The following are some of the most common
parametric equations:
a. Ellipse x  a cos  , y  b sin 
b. Parabola x  at, y  2at
2

c. Hyperbola x  a sec, y  b tan 


d. Rectangular hyperbola x  ct y,  c
t
e. Cardioid x  a(2cos  cos2 ), y  a(2sin   sin 2 )
f. Astroid x  a cos3  , y  a sin 3 
g. Cycloid x  a(  sin  ) , y  a(1  cos )
Differentiation in Parameters
• When x and y are given in terms of a parameter,
say θ, then the function of a function rule of
differentiation
dy dy d
 
dx d dx
• Which can also be written as
dy
dy d
 (1)
dx dx
d
• For the second differential,
d y d  dy  d  dy  d
2

     
dx dx  dx  d  dx  dx
2

• Or
d  dy 
 
d y d  dx 
2


dx 2
dx
d
Example
• Given x  5  1 and y  2 (  1) , determine
dy
in term of θ.
dx

Solution
dx
x  5  1 5
d
y  2 (  1)  2  2
2
• From equation 1
dy
 d
dy
dx dx
d
2(2  1)

Or
5
2
 (2  1)
5
Differentiation of Implicit Functions
• When an equation can be written in the form
y  f ( x) it is said to be an explicit function of x,
Examples of explicit function include
3e x
y  2 x 3  3x  4, y  2 x ln x and y 
cos x

In these examples y may be differentiated with


respect to x by using standard derivatives,
product rule and quotient rule of differentiation
respectively.
• Sometimes with equations involving say y and x,
it is impossible to make y the subject of the
formula. The equation is then called an implicit
function and examples of such functions include
• y 3  2 x 2  y 2  x and sin y  x 2  2 xy
• It is possible to differentiate an implicit function
using the function of a function rule which may
be stated as du  du  dy
dx dy dx

• Thus, to differentiate y 3 with respect to x,


• The substitute u  y 3 is made, from which du  3 y 2

dy
• Hence, d 3 dy , by the function of a
 y   3 y  
2

dx dx
function rule.
A simple rule for differentiating an implicit
function is summarized as
d d dy
 f  y    f  x  
dx dy dx
Example
• Differentiate the following function with respect
to x (a) 2 y 4
(b) sin 3t

Solution
(a) Let u  2 y 4
then by the function of a
function rule
du du dy d dy
   2 y  4

dx dy dx dy dx
3 dy
 8y
dx
• (b) Let u  sin3t , then by the function of a
function rule
du du dt d dt
   sin 3t  
dx dt dx dt dx
dt
 3cos3t
dx
Differentiation of Logarithmic Function
• The differential coefficient of the logarithmic
function ln x is given by
d 1
ln x  
dx x
More generally
d f x
'

ln f  x  
dx f x
For example; if y  ln(3x 2  2 x  1)
Then, dy 6x  2
 2
dx 3 x  2 x  1
• Similarly, if y  ln(sin 3x) then
dy 3cos3 x
  3cot 3 x
dx sin 3 x

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