Data Communication

Data Communications and Networking, 5th Edition

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 Overview

1.Data Communication
2.Components
3.Data Representation
4.Data Flow

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 1. Data Communication
• It is the exchange of data between two devices via a
transmission medium.
• Communication system is a combination of hardware and
software.

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 Data Communication cont..
• Effectiveness of data communication system is depends on four
fundamental characteristics:

1. Delivery
2. Accuracy
3. Timeliness
4. Jitter

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE
PROF , SCORE, VIT
 Data Communication cont..
1. Delivery
– System must deliver data to the correct destination.
– Data must be received only by the intended device or user.

2. Accuracy
– System must deliver the data accurately.
– Data that have been altered in transmission and left
uncorrected are unusable.

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 Data Communication cont..
3. Timeliness
– System must deliver data in a timely manner.
– Data delivered late are useless.
– Ex: Real-time transmission
• Video and audio – Deliver it in the same order that they
are produced, and without significant delay.

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 Data Communication cont..
4. Jitter
– It refers to the variation in the packet arrival time.
– It is the uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video
packets.
– Caused by network congestion and packet loss.

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
2. Components of Data
Communication

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
2. Components of Data Communication
• A data communication system is made up of five components.
1. Message
2. Sender
3. Receiver
4. Transmission medium
5. Protocol

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
2. Components of Data Communication
1. Message
– Information (data) to be communicated.
– Ex: text, numbers, pictures, audio and video.
2. Sender
– Device that sends the data message.
– Ex: computer, workstation, telephone handset, video
camera and so on.
3. Receiver
– Device that receives the message.
– Ex: computer, workstation, telephone handset, television
and so on.
Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
2. Components of Data Communication
4. Transmission medium
– Physical path by which a message travels from sender to
receiver.
– Ex: twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable and
radio waves.
5. Protocol
– It is a set of rules that govern data communications.
– It represents an agreement between the communicating
devices.
– Ex: A person speaking French cannot be understood by a
person who speaks only Japanese.

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
3. Data Representation

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 3. Data Representation
• Information comes in different forms such as text, numbers,
images, audio and video.

Text

Numbers

Images

Audio

Video
Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 3. Data Representation cont..
1. Text
– Represented as a bit pattern, a sequence of bits (0s or 1s).
– Different sets of bit patterns have been designed to represent text
symbols.
– Each set is called a code.
– Process of representing symbols is called coding.
– Unicode
• Common coding system.
• It uses 32 bits to represent a symbol or character in any language.
– American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
• Developed some decades ago in the United States.
• Constitutes the first 127 characters in Unicode.
• Also referred to as Basic Latin.
 3. Data Representation cont..
2. Numbers
– Represented by bit patterns.
– It is directly converted to a binary number.

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 3. Data Representation cont..
3. Images
– Represented by bit patterns.
– Composed of a matrix of pixels.
– Each pixel is a small dot.
– Size of the pixel is depend on
resolution.
– Better representation (resolution):
more memory is needed.
– Ex: Image can be divided into 1000
pixels or 10,000 pixels.
– Each pixel is assigned a bit pattern.

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 3. Data Representation cont..
3. Images
– Size and value of the pattern depend on the image.
– 1-bit pattern for image made of only black and white dots.
• Ex: Chessboard
– 2-bit pattern for image is not made of pure white and pure
black pixels.
• Ex: 4 levels of gray scale
– A black pixel can be represented by 00
– A dark gray pixel by 01
– A light gray pixel by 10
– A white pixel by 11.
Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 3. Data Representation cont..
3. Images
– Several methods to represent color images.

• RGB method
– Each color is made of a combination of three
primary colors: red, green, and blue.

• YCM method
– Each color is made of a combination of three other
primary colors: yellow, cyan, and magenta.

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 3. Data Representation cont..
4. Audio
– Refers to recording or broadcasting of sound or music.
– It is continuous, not discrete.

5. Video
– Refers to recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie.
– It can either be
• Produced as a continuous entity (e.g., by a TV camera),
– or it can be a
• Combination of images, each a discrete entity, arranged
to convey the idea of motion.

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
4. Data Flow or Transmission
Mode

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
4. Data Flow or Transmission Mode
• Defines the direction of signal flow between two connected
devices.
• There are three modes of transmission, namely:
1. Simplex
2. Half-duplex
3. Full-duplex

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 4.1 Simplex Mode
• Communication is unidirectional.
– Communication between sender and receiver occurs in
only one direction.
• Only sender can send the data and receiver can receive the
data.
• Receiver cannot reply to the sender.
• Use the entire capacity of the channel to send data.

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 4.1 Simplex Mode cont..
• Ex: One-lane road
• Ex: Keyboards and Monitors
– Only Keyboard can send input to monitor
– Monitor can only receive the input and display it on the
screen.
– Monitor cannot reply to the keyboard.

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 4.2 Half-Duplex Mode
• Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same
time.
• When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and
vice versa.
• Entire capacity of a channel is taken over by the transmitting
device.

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 4.2 Half-Duplex Mode cont..
• Ex: Walkie-talkies
– Speakers at both ends can speak, but they have to speak
one by one.
– They cannot speak simultaneously.

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 4.3 Full-Duplex Mode
• Also called duplex.
• Both stations can transmit and receive at same time.
• Signals going in either direction sharing the capacity of the
link.
• Sharing can occur in two ways:
– Link has two physically separate transmission paths

• One for sending and other for receiving.

– Capacity of the channel is divided between signals

travelling in both directions.

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 4.3 Full-Duplex Mode cont..
• Ex: Two-way road
– Traffic flowing in both directions at the same time.
• Ex: Telephone network
– Two people communicate
– Both are free to speak and listen at the same time.

Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT
 Comparison Chart
Basis for
Simplex Half Duplex Full Duplex
Comparison
Direction of Two-directional, Two-directional,
Unidirectional
Communication one at a time simultaneously
Sender can send Sender can send
Sender can only
Send / Receive and receive data, and receive data
send data
but one at a time simultaneously
Worst
Best performing
performing Better than
Performance mode of
mode of Simplex
transmission
transmission
Keyboard and
Example Walkie-talkie Telephone
monitor
Dr.C.NAVANEETHAN,ASSOCIATE PROF ,
SCORE, VIT