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Unit 2.4 Ethernet

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28 views32 pages

Unit 2.4 Ethernet

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shaizyusufzai
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Wired LANs: Ethernet

13.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
13-1 IEEE STANDARDS

In 1985, the Computer Society of the IEEE started a


project, called Project 802, to set standards to enable
intercommunication among equipment from a variety
of manufacturers. Project 802 is a way of specifying
functions of the physical layer and the data link layer
of major LAN protocols.

13.2
Figure 13.1 IEEE standard for LANs

13.3
13-2 STANDARD ETHERNET

The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at Xerox’s


Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Since then, it has
gone through four generations. We briefly discuss the
Standard (or traditional) Ethernet in this section.

13.4
Figure 13.3 Ethernet evolution through four generations

13.5
Figure 13.4 802.3 MAC frame

13.6
Figure 13.5 Minimum and maximum lengths

13.7
Note

Frame length:
Minimum: 64 bytes (512 bits)
Maximum: 1518 bytes (12,144 bits)

13.8
Figure 13.6 Example of an Ethernet address in hexadecimal notation

13.9
Figure 13.7 Unicast and multicast addresses

13.10
Note

The least significant bit of the first byte


defines the type of address.
If the bit is 0, the address is unicast;
otherwise, it is multicast.

13.11
Note

The broadcast destination address is a


special case of the multicast address in
which all bits are 1s.

13.12
Example 13.1

Define the type of the following destination addresses:


a. 4A:30:10:21:10:1A b. 47:20:1B:2E:08:EE
c. FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
Solution
a. This is a unicast address because A in binary is 1010.
b. This is a multicast address because 7 in binary is 0111.
c. This is a broadcast address because all digits are F’s.

13.13
Figure 13.8 Categories of Standard Ethernet

13.14
Table 13.1 Summary of Standard Ethernet implementations

13.15
13-4 FAST ETHERNET

Fast Ethernet was designed to compete with LAN


protocols such as FDDI or Fiber Channel. IEEE
created Fast Ethernet under the name 802.3u. Fast
Ethernet is backward-compatible with Standard
Ethernet, but it can transmit data 10 times faster at a
rate of 100 Mbps.

13.16
Figure 13.19 Fast Ethernet topology

13.17
Figure 13.20 Fast Ethernet implementations

13.18
Table 13.2 Summary of Fast Ethernet implementations

13.19
13-5 GIGABIT ETHERNET

The need for an even higher data rate resulted in the


design of the Gigabit Ethernet protocol (1000 Mbps).
The IEEE committee calls the standard 802.3z.

13.20
Figure 13.22 Topologies of Gigabit Ethernet

13.21
Figure 13.23 Gigabit Ethernet implementations

13.22
Table 13.3 Summary of Gigabit Ethernet implementations

13.23
Table 13.4 Summary of Ten-Gigabit Ethernet implementations

13.24
FDDI

13.25
FIBER DISTRIBUTED DATA INTERFACE
(FDDI)

13.26
 SHARED MEDIA NETWORK LIKE ETHERNET (IEEE 802.3) & IBM
TOKEN RING (IEEE 802.5)
 100 Mbps SPEED
 RUNS ON OPTICAL FIBER
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI)
STANDARD
 TOKEN RING NETWORK LIKE IEEE 802.5
 TOKEN: A SPECIAL SEQUENCE OF BITS
 TOKEN CIRCULATES AROUND THE RING
 A STATION REMOVES THE TOKEN FROM RING BEFORE
TRANSMISSION
 AFTER TRANSMISSION, THE STATION RETURNS THE TOKEN TO
THE RING
 COLLISIONS ARE PREVENTED AS THERE IS ONLY ONE TOKEN IN
THE RING
13.27
TOKEN RING NETWORK

13.28
FDDI LIMITATIONS

 HIGH COST OF OPTICAL COMPONENTS REQUIRED


FOR TRANSMISSION/RECEPTION OF SIGNALS
(ESPECIALLY FOR SINGLE MODE FIBER
NETWORKS)
 MORE COMPLEX TO IMPLEMENT THAN EXISTING
LOW SPEED LAN TECHNOLOGIES SUCH AS IEEE
802.3 AND IEEE 802.5

13.29
APPLICATIONS OF FDDI

 OFFICE AUTOMATION AT THE DESKTOP


 BACKBONES FOR FACTORY AUTOMATION
 BACKEND DATA CENTER APPLICATIONS
 CAMPUS LAN INTERCONNECTION
 INTERCAMPUS BACKBONES OR METROPOLITAN
AREA NETWORKS (MANs)
 INTERCONNECTION OF PRIVATE BRANCH
EXCHANGES (PBXS)
 WORKGROUP AND DEPARTMENTAL LANS
 INTEGRATED TRANSPORT FOR MULTIMEDIA
APPLICATIONS

13.30
A FDDI BACKBONE NETWORK EXAMPLE

13.31
COMPARISON WITH OTHER NETWORKS
FEATURES FDDI ETHERNET TOKEN RING
TRANSMISSION 125 MBAUD 20 MBAUD 8 & 32 MBAUD
RATE
DATA RATE 100 MBPS 10 MBPS 4 & 16 MBPS

SIGNAL 4B/5B (80% MANCHESTER DIFFERENTIAL


ENCODING EFFICIENT) (50% MANCHESTER
EFFICIENT) (50% EFFICIENT)
MAXIMUM 100 KM 2.5 KM CONFIGURATION
COVERAGE DEPENDENT
MAXIMUM 500 1024 250
NODES
MAXIMUM 2 KM (MULTIMODE 2.5 KM 300 M
DISTANCE FIBER) (RECOMMENDED
BETWEEN 40 KM (SINGLE- 100 M)
NODES MODE FIBER)

13.32

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