BRAINTEASERS

The USI CANTEEN 3 snacks

and 2 beverages to offer for the
general acquaintance party.

How many pairs of snacks and

beverages can you choose
from?
3
The USI CANTEEN 3 snacks
and 2 beverages to offer for the
general acquaintance party.

How many pairs of snacks and

beverages can you choose
from? 6
4
5
How many different pairs of

letters from the English

VOWELS are possible?

6
7
How many different pairs of

letters from the English

VOWELS are possible? 25

8
9
At the end of this meeting you should be able to say I can…

• Use the Fundamental Counting

Principle to counting problems
• illustrate the permutation of objects
• use the formula for finding the
number of permutations of n objects
taken r at a time.
• Use permutations to solve counting
problems
10
The Fundamental Counting Principle

11
The Fundamental Counting Principle

If one thing can be done in m ways and

another thing can be done in n ways, the two

things can be done in mn ways.

12
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

How many different pairs of letters

from the English alphabet are possible?
Solution:
There are two events in this situation. The first event is the
choice of the first letter, and the second event is the choice
of the second letter.
Because the English alphabet contains 26 letters, it follows
that the number of two-letter pairs is

26  26 = 676.

13
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

A restaurant has 5 appetizers, 8

beverages, and 6 desserts on the
menu.

How many meals can be formed

considering that a beverage and a
dessert is present?
14
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

A restaurant has 5 appetizers, 8 beverages, and 6

desserts on the menu.
How many meals can be formed considering that a
beverage and a dessert is present?
If you have a beverage and a
dessert, there are 8*6=48
different meals consisting of a
beverage and dessert.
15
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

(WE DO IT)
A restaurant has 5 appetizers, 8
beverages, and 6 desserts on the
menu.
How many meals can be formed
considering that there should be an
appetizer, a beverage and a
dessert? 16
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

(WE DO IT)
A restaurant has 5 appetizers, 8
beverages, and 6 desserts on the
menu.
How many meals can be formed
considering that there should be an
appetizer, a beverage and a
dessert? 240 sets 17
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

(WE DO IT)
The Philippine Land Transportation
Office (LTO) uses NNNLLL, where
N is a number from 0-9 and L is a
letter from English Alphabet.
How many plate numbers can be
made?
18
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

(WE DO IT)
The Philippine Land Transportation
Office (LTO) uses NNNLLL pattern,
where
N is a number from 0-9 and L is a
letter from English Alphabet.
How many plate numbers can be
made? 19
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

(WE DO IT)
The Philippine Land Transportation Office (LTO)
uses NNNLLL pattern, where N is a number from
0-9 and L is a letter from English Alphabet.
How many plate numbers can be made?

N N N L L L

20
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

(WE DO IT)
The Philippine Land Transportation Office (LTO)
uses NNNLLL pattern, where N is a number from
0-9 and L is a letter from English Alphabet.
How many plate numbers can be made?

10 N N L L L

21
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

(WE DO IT)
The Philippine Land Transportation Office (LTO)
uses NNNLLL pattern, where N is a number from
0-9 and L is a letter from English Alphabet.
How many plate numbers can be made?

10 10 10 L L L

22
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

(WE DO IT)
The Philippine Land Transportation Office (LTO)
uses NNNLLL pattern, where N is a number from
0-9 and L is a letter from English Alphabet.
How many plate numbers can be made?

10 10 10 26 L L

23
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

(WE DO IT)
The Philippine Land Transportation Office (LTO)
uses NNNLLL pattern, where N is a number from
0-9 and L is a letter from English Alphabet.
How many plate numbers can be made?

10 10 10 26 26 26

24
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

(WE DO IT)
The Philippine Land Transportation Office (LTO)
uses NNNLLL pattern, where N is a number from
0-9 and L is a letter from English Alphabet.
How many plate numbers can be made?

10 10 10 26 26 26

10*10*10*26*26*26 = ?
25
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

(WE DO IT)
The Philippine Land Transportation Office (LTO)
uses NNNLLL pattern, where N is a number from
0-9 and L is a letter from English Alphabet.
How many plate numbers can be made?

10 10 10 26 26 26

10*10*10*26*26*26 = 17,576,000
26
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

(YOU DO IT TOGETHER)
Allen has to choose a school and a
strand fro senior high school. If
there 3 schools and 4 strands to
choose from. How many options
does Allen have?

27
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

(YOU DO IT TOGETHER)
A 6 digit password needs to be set.
Each key will only be taken from
numbers 1-5.
How many possible password can
be made?

28
Using the Fundamental Counting Principle

(YOU DO IT YOURSELF)
1.In a cafeteria, there are 4 coffee choices
and 8 cakes options. How many pairs could
you possibly have with a cake and a coffee?
2.A 12 digit password has to be for an online
account. If all keys will be numbers from 1-9.
How many set of password is possible?

29
30
Permutations
One important application of the Fundamental Counting
Principle is in determining the number of ways that n
elements can be arranged (in order).

An ordering of elements is called a permutation of the

elements.

31
Example 5 – Finding the Number of Permutations of n Elements

How many permutations of the following letters are

possible?
A B C D E F

Solution:
Consider the following reasoning.

First position: Any of the six letters

Second position: Any of the remaining five letters
Third position: Any of the remaining four letters
Fourth position: Any of the remaining three letters
Fifth position: Either of the remaining two letters
Sixth position: The one remaining letter 32
Example 5 – Solution cont’d

So, the numbers of choices for the six positions are as

follows.

The total number of permutations of the six letters is

6! = 6  5  4  3  2  1 = 720.

33
Example 6 cont’d

Find the permutations

of 5 books in a shelf.

34
Example 6 cont’d

Find the permutations

of 5 books in a shelf.
5! = 120 ways

35
Example 6 cont’d

Count all possible

arrangements of 15
people in a photo.

36
Example 6 cont’d

Count all possible arrangements

of 15 people in a photo.

15! = 15*14*13*12….*3*2*1
= 1,307,674,368,000

37
Permutations

38
Permutations
Using this formula, find the number of permutations of eight
horses taken three at a time is

= 336

39
Permutations (WE DO IT)

Find the number of

permutations of 6 letters
taken 4 at a time?

40
Permutations (WE DO IT)

Find the number of

permutations of 15
students taken 10 at a
time to go to the clinic for
dental checkup?
41
Permutations( YOU DO IT TOGETHER)

Find the number of

permutations of 5 books
taken 2 at a time to go to
the clinic for dental
checkup?
42
Permutations( YOU DO IT TOGETHER)

Find the number of

permutations of 20
numbers taken 12 at a
time to go to the clinic for
dental checkup?
43
Permutations( YOU DO IT YOURSELF)

1. Find the permutation of

20 students in forming
a line.
2. Find the permutation of
10 applicants taken 7
at a time for interview. 44
45
Permutations

46
Example 7 – Distinguishable Permutations

In how many distinguishable ways can the letters in

BANANA be written?

Solution:
This word has six letters, of which three are A’s, two are
N’s, and one is a B. So, the number of distinguishable ways
in which the letters can be written is

= 60.

47
Example 7 – Distinguishable Permutations

In how many distinguishable

ways can the letters in
MATHEMATICS be written?

48
Example 7 – Distinguishable Permutations

In how many distinguishable

ways can the letters in
CHARITY be written?

49
Circular permutation

50
Circular permutation

How many arrangements are possible if

5 girls are arranged in a circular table?

51
Circular permutation

How many arrangements are possible if

5 girls are arranged in a circular table?

( 5 – 1) ! = 4 !
= 24 ways

52
Circular permutation

How many arrangements are possible if 10

grooms men are arranged in a circular table?

53
Circular permutation

How many arrangements are possible if 10

grooms men are arranged in a circular table?

( 10 – 1) ! = 9 !

= 362,880

54
Circular permutation

55
Circular permutation

56
Circular permutation

How many ways can 8 student officers be arranged so that

the leader, secretary and treasurer is always seated beside
each other?

( 6 -1 )! = 5! x 3!
= 120 x 6
= 720 ways

57
Circular permutation

How many ways can 8 student officers be arranged so that

the leader, secretary and treasurer is always seated beside
each other?

( 6 -1 )! = 5! x 3!
= 120 x 6
= 720 ways

58
Combination
When you count the number of possible permutations of a
set of elements, order is important.

As a final topic in this section, you will look at a method for

selecting subsets of a larger set in which order is not
important.

Such subsets are called combinations of n elements

taken r at a time. For instance, the combinations

{A, B, C} and {B, A, C}

are equivalent because both sets contain the same three
elements, and the order in which the elements are listed is
not important. 59
Combination
So, you would count only one of the two sets. A common
example of a combination is a card game in which the
player is free to reorder the cards after they have been
dealt.

60
Combination

a. In how many different ways can three letters be

chosen

from the letters A, B, C, D, and E?

b. A standard poker hand consists of five cards dealt

from a deck of 52. How many different poker hands are

61
Combination

a. In how many different ways can three letters be

chosen

from the letters A, B, C, D, and E?

62
Combination

b. A standard poker hand consists of five cards dealt

from a deck of 52. How many different poker hands are

possible?

63
Combination
1. How many combinations can be
made out of three different dishes?

2. How many combinations can be

made from chopsuey, barbecue and
fried chicken, if two dishes only per
meal can be done?

64
Combination or Permutation or
Counting principle

1. For an appetizer, he has a choice of

4 different options; for the main
course, he has 5 options, and for
dessert, he has 3 options. How many
number of possible combinations can
you create?

65
Combination or Permutation or
Counting principle
1. For an appetizer, he has a choice of
4 different options; for the main
course, he has 5 options, and for
dessert, he has 3 options. How many
number of possible combinations can
you create? Counting Principle

4 x 5 x 3 = 60 combinations
66
Combination or Permutation or
Counting principle

2. Arman needs to create a 5 digit pin,

where repetition of digits are not
allowed. How many possible password
can he choose from?

67
Combination or Permutation or
Counting principle

2. Arman needs to create a 5 digit pin,

where repetition of digits are not
allowed. How many possible password
can he choose from? Permutation (in
passwords order is important)

68
Combination or Permutation or
Counting principle
2. Arman needs to create a 5 digit pin, where repetition of digits are not allowed.
How many possible password can he choose from? Permutation (in passwords
order is important)

10 9 8 7 6

10 x 9 x 8 x 7 x 6
= 30,240

69
Combination or Permutation or
Counting principle

3. Arman needs to create a 6 digit pin,

where repetition of digits are not
allowed. How many possible password
can he choose from? Permutation (in
passwords order is important)

70
Combination or Permutation or
Counting principle

4. 8 students are going to form groups

with 4 members. How many possible
choices could they possible have?

71
Combination or Permutation or
Counting principle

4. 8 students are going to form groups

with 4 members. How many possible
choices could they possible have?
COMBINATION

72
Combination or Permutation or
Counting principle
4. 8 students are going to form groups with 4 members. How many
possible choices could they possible have? COMBINATION

73