Scribd
Upload
16 views

C2 L2-Sets

Uploaded by

Jinrey Azurias
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views

C2 L2-Sets

Uploaded by

Jinrey Azurias
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

CHAPTER 2 – LANGUAGE OF SETS

LESSON 2 - SETS
Introduction
Use of the word set as a formal mathematical term
was introduced in 1879 by George Cantor (1845-
1918). For most mathematical purposes we can
think of a set intuitively, as Cantor did, simply as a
collection of elements.
SET
A collection of objects. The specific objects within the set
are called the elements or members of the set. Capital
letters are commonly used to name sets.

Examples:
𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑} 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4}
SET NOTATION
Braces { } can be used to list the members of a set, with each member separated by
a comma is called the “Roster Method”. A description can also be used in the
braces which is called the “Set-builder” notation.

Example:
Set A: The natural numbers from 1 to 10.
Elements of A: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Roster Method: 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

Set Builder Notation: {𝑥/𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 10}


ELLIPSIS
Three dots (…) used within the braces to indicate that the list continues in the
established pattern. This is helpful notation to use for long lists or infinite lists. If the
dots come at the end of the list, they indicate that the list goes on indefinitely (i.e. an
infinite set).

Examples:
Set A: Lowercase letters of the English alphabet

Set Notation: {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, … , 𝑧}


CARDINALITY OF
THE SET
The number of distinct elements in a set.
Example:
Set 𝐴: The days of the week
Elements of Set A: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday

Cardinality of Set 𝐴 = 𝒏(𝑨) = 7


EQUAL SETS
Two sets that contain exactly the same elements, regardless of the
order listed or possible repetition of elements.

Example: 𝐴 = {1, 1, 2, 3, 4} , 𝐵 = {4, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, } .


Sets 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 are equal because they contain exactly the same
elements (i.e. 1, 2, 3, & 4).

This can be written as 𝑨 = 𝑩.


EQUIVALENT SETS
Two sets that contain the same number of distinct elements.

Example: 𝐴 = {𝐹𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑟}


𝐵 = {𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑦, 𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑙, 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟}
𝑛(𝐴) = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛(𝐵) = 4

𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑠, 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑛(𝐵).

Note: If two sets are Equal, they are also Equivalent!


EMPTY OR “NULL”
SET
The set that contains no elements.
It can be represented by either { } 𝑜𝑟 ∅.

Note: Writing the empty set as {∅} is incorrect!


Symbols commonly
used with Sets
SUBSETS
For Sets A and B, Set A is a Subset of Set B if
every element in Set A is also in Set B.

It is written as 𝑨 𝑩.
PROPER SUBSETS
For Sets A and B, Set A is a Proper Subset of Set B if every
element in Set A is also in Set B, but Set A does not equal
Set B. (𝑨 ≠ 𝑩)

It is written as 𝑨 𝑩.
Note:
The Empty Set is a Subset of every Set.
The Empty Set is also a Proper Subset of every Set except the Empty Set.
NUMBER OF
SUBSETS
The number of distinct subsets of
a set containing n elements is
given by 𝟐𝒏.
NUMBER OF PROPER
SUBSETS
The number of distinct proper
subsets of a set containing n
elements is given by 𝟐𝒏 – 1.
INTERSECTION OF
SETS
The Intersection of Sets A and B is
the set of elements that are in both A
and B, i.e. what they have in
common. It can be written as 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩.
UNION OF SETS
The Union of Sets A and B is the set
of elements that are members of Set
A, Set B, or both Sets. It can be
written as 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩.
COMPLEMENT OF A
SET
The Complement of Set A, written as
A’ , is the set of all elements in the
given Universal Set (U), that are not
in Set A.
SEATWORK
Find the number of SUBSETS & list
down the subsets.

B = {red, yellow, green, blue}


SEATWORK
U = 𝐴𝑙𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 10.
𝐴 = 𝑂𝑑𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 10,
𝐵 = 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 10,
𝐶 = 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 10
D = 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 3 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 1 𝑡𝑜 10

You might also like