Database Systems:

Design, Implementation, and

Management
Ninth Edition

Chapter 1
Database Systems
 Learning outcomes
2

In this chapter, you will learn:

 The difference between data and information

 What a database is, the various types of databases,

and why they are valuable assets for decision

making
 The importance of database design

 How modern databases evolved from file systems

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Learning outcomes (cont’d.)
3

 About flaws in file system data management

 The main components of the database system
 The main functions of a database management
system (DBMS)

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Introduction
4

 Good decisions require

good information
derived from raw
facts/data
 Data is managed most
efficiently when stored in
a database
 Databases evolved from
computer file systems
 Understanding file system
characteristics is
important
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Why Databases?
5

 Databases solve many of the problems encountered

in data management
 Used in almost all modern settings involving data
management:
 Business
 Research
 Administration

 Important to understand how databases work and

interact with other applications

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Data vs. Information
6

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Data vs. Information
7

 Data are raw facts

 Information is the result of processing raw data to
reveal meaning
 Information requires context to reveal meaning
 Raw data must be formatted for storage,
processing, and presentation
 Data are the foundation of information, which is
the bedrock of knowledge

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Data vs. Information (cont’d.)
8

 Data: building blocks of information

 Information produced by processing data
 Information used to reveal meaning in data
 Accurate, relevant, timely information is the key to
good decision making
 Good decision making is the key to organizational
survival

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Data vs. Information (cont’d.)
9

 Example

the photograph is information. But, what you

look like is data
Source: http://www.infogineering.net/data-information-knowledge.htm

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Introducing the Database
10

 Database: shared & integrated computer structure

that stores a collection of:
 End-user data: raw facts of interest to end user
 provided by a data warehouse or the data created by end
users for query processing.
 Metadata: data about data
 Provides description of data characteristics and
relationships in data, OR
 Provides information about a certain item's content
 Complements and expands value of data

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Introducing the Database
11

 More on Metadata
 an image may include
metadata that describes how
large the picture is, the color
depth, the image resolution,
when the image was created,
and other data
 A text document's metadata
may contain information about
how long the document is,
who the author is, when the
document was written, and a
short summary of the
document
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Introducing the Database
12

 More on Metadata
 Web pages often include metadata in the form of
meta tags. Description and keywords meta tags are
commonly used to describe the Web page's content.
Most search engines use this data when adding pages
to their search index

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Role and Advantages of the DBMS
13

 Database management system (DBMS):

collection of programs
 Manages structure and controls access to data
 DBMS is the intermediary between the user and
the database
 Database structure stored as file collection
 Can only access files through the DBMS
 DBMS enables data to be shared
 DBMS integrates many users’ views of the data
Database Systems, 9th Edition
14 Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Role and Advantages of the DBMS (cont’d.)
15

 Advantages of a DBMS:
 Improved data sharing
 Improved data security
 Better data integration
 Minimized data inconsistency
 Improved data access
 Improved decision making
 Increased end-user productivity

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Types of Databases
16

 Databases can be classified according to:

DB
classification

[1] Users [2] Location [3] Usage

Single-User Centralized Operational

Multiuser Decentralized Warehouse

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Types of Databases
17

 [1] Users
 Single-user database supports only one user at a time
 Desktop database: single-user; runs on PC (locally)
 E.g. Auto Teller Machine (ATM)
 Multiuser database supports multiple users at the
same time
 Workgroup and enterprise databases
 E.g. i-Student Portal, any Web application

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Types of Databases (cont’d.)
18

 [2] Location
 Centralized database: data located at a single site
 Distributed/Decentralized database: data distributed
across several different sites
 [3] Usage
 Operational database: supports a company’s day-to-
day operations
 Transactional or production database
 Data warehouse: stores data used for tactical or
strategic decisions
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Types of Databases (cont'd.)
19

 Categories of data
Structured data
• data that is identifiable because it is organized in a structure
• e.g. database

Semi-structured data
• Has structure but not enough to qualify as structured data (Loshin,
2005)
• e.g. XML

Unstructured data
• No identifiable structure/in original format
• e.g. bitmap images/objects, text and other data types that are not
part of a database
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Types of Databases (cont'd.)
20

 Unstructured data exist in their original state

 Structured data result from formatting
 Structure applied based on type of processing to be
performed
 Semistructured data have been processed to some
extent
 Extensible Markup Language (XML) represents
data elements in textual format
 XML database supports semistructured XML data

Database Systems, 9th Edition

21 Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Why Database Design Is Important
22

 Database design focuses on design of

database structure used for end-user
data (= what?)
 Designer must identify database’s
expected use
 Well-designed database:
 Facilitates data management
 Generates accurate and valuable
information
 Poorly designed database:
 Causes difficult-to-trace errors
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Evolution of File System Data Processing
23

 Reasons for studying file

systems/filesystems:
 Complexity of database design is easier to
understand
 Understanding file system problems helps
to avoid problems with DBMS systems
 Knowledge of file system is useful for
converting file system to database system
 File systems typically composed of
collection of file folders, each tagged
and kept in cabinet
 Organized by expected use
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Evolution of File System Data Processing
24

Manual Computer
File File Database
Systems Systems

IBM
DB2/
MS EXCEL DBMS

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Evolution of File System Data Processing
25

Physical

Conceptual/logical

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Evolution of File System Data Processing (cont'd.)
26

 Contents of each file folder are logically related

 Manual systems (current file systems)
 Served as a data repository for small data collections
 Cumbersome for large collections
 Computerized file systems
 Data processing (DP) specialist (special position)
converted computer file structure from manual system
 Wrote software that managed the data
 Designed the application programs to generate reports

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Evolution of File System Data Processing (cont'd.)
27

 Initially, computer file systems resembled

manual systems
 As number of files increased, file systems evolved
 Each file used its own application program to store,
retrieve, and modify data
 Each file was owned by individual or department that
commissioned its creation

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Typical computer file systems

28 Database Systems, 9th Edition

29 Database Systems, 9th Edition
30 Database Systems, 9th Edition
  Another example:

File handling
Data entry routines
and reports
File defination
Sales files
Sales Sales
Salesapplication programs
application programs

File handling
Data entry routines
and reports
File defination
Contracts files Contracts
Sales application
Contracts programs
application
programs

31 Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Problems with File System Data Processing
32

 File systems were an improvement over manual

system
 File systems used for more than two decades
 Understanding the shortcomings of file systems aids in
development of modern databases
 Many problems not unique to file systems
 Even simple file system retrieval task required
extensive programming
 Ad hoc queries impossible
 Changing existing structure difficult
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Problems with File System Data Processing
(cont'd.)
33

 Security features difficult to program

 Often omitted in file system environments
 Summary of file system limitations:
 Requires extensive programming
 Cannot perform ad hoc queries
 System administration is complex and difficult
 Difficult to make changes to existing structures
 Security features are likely to be inadequate

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Structural and Data Dependence
34

 Structural dependence: access to a file is dependent on

its own structure
 All file system programs must be modified to conform to a
new file structure
 E.g. filesystems
 Structural independence: change file structure without
affecting data access
 Data dependence: data access changes when data storage
characteristics change
 Data independence: data storage characteristics do not
affect data access
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Structural and Data Dependence (cont'd.)
35

 Practical significance of data dependence is

difference between logical and physical format
 Logical data format: how human views the data
 Physical data format: how computer must work
with data
 Each program must contain:
 Lines specifying opening of specific file type
 Record specification
 Field definitions
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Data Redundancy
36

 File system structure makes it difficult to combine

data from multiple sources
 Vulnerable to security breaches
 Organizational structure promotes storage of same
data in different locations
 Islands of information
 Data stored in different locations is unlikely to be
updated consistently
 Data redundancy: same data stored unnecessarily
in different places/tables/entities
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Data Redundancy (cont'd.)
37

 Data inconsistency: different and conflicting

versions of same data occur at different places

Table: Customer

Table: Agent

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Data Redundancy (cont'd.)
38

 Data anomalies: abnormalities when all changes in

redundant data are not made correctly
 Update anomalies:
 E.g. what is client changes his phone number?
 Insertion anomalies:
 E.g. to add new property without adding its owner
 Deletion anomalies:
 E.g. what if client’s record is to be removed from the
system?

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Data Redundancy (cont'd.)
39

 Refer to Slide 37
 Update anomaly. If agent Vishal has a new phone number, that
number must be entered in each of the CUSTOMER file
records. In this case, only three changes must be made. In a
large file system, such changes might occur in hundreds or even
thousands of records.
 Insertion anomaly. If only the CUSTOMER file exists, to add
a new agent, you would also add a dummy customer data entry
to reflect the new agent’s addition.
 Deletion anomaly. If you delete the customers Amit, Naresh
and Bhavik, you will also delete Vishal’s agent data. Clearly this
is not desirable.
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 Lack of Design and Data-Modeling Skills
40

 Most users lack the skill to properly design

databases, despite multiple personal productivity
tools being available
 Data-modeling skills are vital in the data design
process
 Good data modeling facilitates communication
between the designer, user, and the developer

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Database Systems
41

 Database system consists of logically related data

stored in a single logical data repository
 May be physically distributed among multiple storage
facilities
 DBMS eliminates most of file system’s problems
 Current generation stores data structures, relationships
between structures, and access paths
 Also defines, stores, and manages all access paths and
components

Database Systems, 9th Edition

42 Database Systems, 9th Edition
 The Database System Environment
43

 Database system: an organization of components

that defines and regulates the collection, storage,
management, use of data
data
hardware software procedure people

bridge
machine components human components

Database Systems, 9th Edition

44 Database Systems, 9th Edition
 The Database System Environment (cont'd.)
45

 Hardware: all the system’s physical devices

 PC, Workstation, Server, Mainframe, Supercomputer
 Software: three types of software required:
 Operating system software
 DBMS software: IBM DB2, Oracle, MySQL, etc
 Application programs and utility software

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 The Database System Environment (cont'd.)
46

 Data: the collection of facts stored in the database

 People: all users of the database system
 System and database administrators
 Database designers
 Systems analysts and programmers
 End users
 Procedures: instructions and rules that govern the
design and use of the database system

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 The Database System Environment (cont'd.)
47

 Database systems are created and managed at

different levels of complexity
 Database solutions must be cost-effective as well as
tactically and strategically effective
 Database technology already in use affects
selection of a database system

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 The Database System Environment (cont'd.)
48

 File Systems  DBMS

Database System
File handling File details +
Data entry routines file definitions Data entry
and reports
and reports
File defination Sales application Sales
Sales files DBMS
Sales application
Sales Sales
application programs Sales programs
programs
application
Database
programs Data entry
and reports
File handling Contracts
Data entry routines Sales application
programs
and reports
File defination Contracts
application
Contracts files Contracts programs
SalesContracts
application programs
application
programs

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 The Database System Environment (cont'd.)
49
 DBMS Functions
50

 Most functions are transparent to end users

 Can only be achieved through the DBMS
 [1] Data dictionary management
 DBMS stores definitions of data elements and
relationships (metadata) in a data dictionary
 DBMS looks up required data component structures
and relationships
 Changes automatically recorded in the dictionary
 DBMS provides data abstraction and removes
structural and data dependency
Database Systems, 9th Edition
51 Database Systems, 9th Edition
 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
52

 [2] Data storage management

 DBMS creates and manages complex structures
required for data storage
 Also stores related data entry forms, screen definitions,
report definitions, etc.
 Performance tuning: activities that make the database
perform more efficiently
 DBMS stores the database in multiple physical data
files

Database Systems, 9th Edition

53 Database Systems, 9th Edition
 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
54

 [3] Data transformation and presentation

 DBMS transforms data entered to conform to required
data structures
 DBMS transforms physically retrieved data to conform
to user’s logical expectations
 [4] Security management
 DBMS creates a security system that enforces user
security and data privacy
 Security rules determine which users can access the
database, which items can be accessed, etc.
Database Systems, 9th Edition
 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
55

 [5] Multiuser access control

 DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to ensure
concurrent access does not affect integrity
 [6] Backup and recovery management
 DBMS provides backup and data recovery to ensure
data safety and integrity
 Recovery management deals with recovery of database
after a failure
 Critical to preserving database’s integrity

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
56

 [7] Data integrity management

 DBMS promotes and enforces integrity rules
 Minimizes redundancy
 Maximizes consistency
 Data relationships stored in data dictionary used to
enforce data integrity
 Integrity is especially important in transaction-oriented
database systems

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
57

 [8] Database access languages and application

programming interfaces
 DBMS provides access through a query language
 Query language is a nonprocedural language
 Structured Query Language (SQL) is the de facto
query language
 Standard supported by majority of DBMS vendors

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 DBMS Functions (cont'd.)
58

 [9] Database communication interfaces

 Current DBMSs accept end-user requests via multiple
different network environments
 Communications accomplished in several ways:
 End users generate answers to queries by filling in screen
forms through Web browser
 DBMS automatically publishes predefined reports on a Web
site
 DBMS connects to third-party systems to distribute
information via e-mail

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Managing the Database System:
A Shift in Focus
59

 Database system provides a framework in which

strict procedures and standards enforced
 Role of human changes from programming to
managing organization’s resources
 Database system enables more sophisticated use
of the data
 Data structures created within the database and
their relationships determine effectiveness

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Managing the Database System:
A Shift in Focus (cont'd.)
60

 Disadvantages of database systems:

 Increased costs: hardware, software
 Management complexity: data safety, data security,
manage resistance, company’s goals, etc
 Maintaining currency: keep your system up-to-date
 Vendor dependence
 Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles: upgrading
cost, training, compatibility issues,

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Summary
61

 Data are raw facts

 Information is the result of processing data to
reveal its meaning
 Accurate, relevant, and timely information is the
key to good decision making
 Data are usually stored in a database
 DBMS implements a database and manages its
contents

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Summary (cont'd.)
62

 Metadata is data about data

 Database design defines the database structure
 Well-designed database facilitates data management
and generates valuable information
 Poorly designed database leads to bad decision making
and organizational failure
 Databases evolved from manual and computerized
file systems

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Summary (cont'd.)
63

 In a file system, data stored in independent files

 Each requires its own management program
 Some limitations of file system data management:
 Requires extensive programming
 System administration is complex and difficult
 Changing existing structures is difficult
 Security features are likely inadequate
 Independent files tend to contain redundant data
 Structural and data dependency problems

Database Systems, 9th Edition

 Summary (cont'd.)
64

 Database management systems were developed to

address file system’s inherent weaknesses
 DBMS present database to end user as single
repository
 Promotes data sharing
 Eliminates islands of information
 DBMS enforces data integrity, eliminates
redundancy, and promotes security

Database Systems, 9th Edition