Computer Graphics

Lecture 6 – Object
Transformation

Department of Computer
Science Taif University - Taif –
Saudi Arabia
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 Transformation
• Transformation means changing some
graphics into something else by applying
rules.
• We can have various types of
transformations such as translation,
scaling up or down, rotation, shearing, etc.
• When a transformation takes place on a
2D plane, it is called 2D transformation.
• Transformations play an important role in
computer graphics to reposition the
graphics on the screen and change their
size or orientation.
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 Why use transformations?
• Position objects in a scene (modeling)
• Change the shape of objects
• Create multiple copies of objects
• Projection for virtual cameras
• Animations

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Objects
Transformation
 5-type of object Transformation:
◦ Translation or Shifting: moving objects
◦ Scaling: change size.
◦ Rotation: moving about a point by an
angle.
◦ Reflection: mirror of an object.
◦ Shearing: distort the object.

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Translatio
n The object is shifted or moved to a
new coordinates.

 The shift is by (dx, dy).

◦ x’ = x + dx
◦ y’ = y + dy.

In matrix forms:  x'  x  dx

 y'   y  dy
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Translatio
n To translate a line, translate its end
points.
 To translate a polygon, translate it
vertices.
 To translate a circle or ellipse its
center coordinates are transformed,
then the object is drawn (boundary
points) using new coordinates.

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Translation Example 1
 Draw a square of length 2. One side of the square
vertices coordinates are (0,0), (2,0), (2,2), (0,2),
then translate it toward y-axis by 1.

 Solution:
◦ Tx=0, Ty=1.

x’=x, y’=y+1 (0,3)

(2,3)
Old New
Coordinate Coordinate (0,2) (2,2)
s s
(0,1) (2,1)
(0,0) (0,1)
(2,0) (2,1) (0,0)
(2,0)
(2,2) (2, 3)
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Translation Example
2:
 A triangle with vertices coordinates: (1,0), (3,0),
(2,2). What its new coordinates after shifting it by 1
in the x-axis and y-axis.

 Solution: (3,3)
◦ x’= x + 1 and y’ = y+1. (2,2)

Old New
Coordinate Coordinate (4,1)
s s (2,1)
(1,0) (2,1) (1,0) (3,0)
(3,0) (4,1)
(2,2) (3,3)

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Translation In OpenGL
 glTranslate[fd](Tx, Ty, Tz): it will shift the whole coordinates
by Tx, Ty, Tz.

 Example 1:
glColor3ub(255, 0, 0);
◦ glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP);
 glVertex2i(0,0);
 glVertex2i(2,0);
 glVertex2i(2,2);
 glVertex2i(0,2);
◦ glEnd();
◦ glColor3ub(0, 0, 255);
◦ glTranslatef(1.0,1.0,0);
◦ glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP);
 glVertex2i(0,0);
 glVertex2i(2,0);
 glVertex2i(2,2);
 glVertex2i(0,2);
◦ glEnd();
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Translation In OpenGL
OpenGL Output

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Scalin
g increase/decrease size of object
 To scale an object we do the following:
◦ Shift object to point (0,0).
◦ Scale by (sx,sy) using the equation:
 x’ = x*sx;
 y’ = y*sy;
◦ Shift object back to its original location.

 In general, scaling equations are:

◦ x’ = xf + (x-xf)*sx;
◦ y’ = yf + (y-yf)*sy;
◦ Where (xf, yf) is the reference point.

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Scalin
gScaling is called uniform if sx=sy, otherwise
it is called differential.

 In matrix form:

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 Scaling
Example:
 A rectangle with coordinates (0,0), (4,0), (4,3), (0,3)
what it is the new coordinates if:
◦ Sx=Sy=2
◦ Sx=Sy=0.5

 Solution:
(0,6) (8,6)
◦ Sx=Sy=2:
Old New
(4,3
Coordinates Coordinates (0,3) )
(0,0) (0,0)
(4,0) (8,0)
(4,3) (8,6) (0,0) (4,0) (8,0)
(0,3) (0, 6)
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Scaling
Example:

Sx=Sy=0.5:
Old New
Coordinates Coordinates
(0,0) (0,0)
(4,0) (2,0)
(4,3) (2,1.5)
(0,3) (0, 1.5)

(4,3
(0,4) )
(0,1.5) (2,1.5)

(0,0) (2,0) (4,0)

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Scaling Example
2 A square with coordinates: (1,1), (2,1), (2,2) ,(1,2).
Scale it by Sx=Sy=2, with (xf,yf)=(1,1).

 Solution:
◦ Sx=Sy=2:
◦ Shift point (1,1) to (0,0)
 (Xf,yf) = (1,1). Old New
Coordinates Coordinates
◦ x’ = xf + (x-xf)*sx;
(1,1) (1,1)
◦ y’ = yf + (y-yf)*sy
(2,1) (3,1)
(2,2) (3,3)
(1,2) (1,3)

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Scaling
Example:
 O u t pu t :
(1,3) (3,3)
(1,2) (2,2) (1,2)
(2,2)

(1,1) (2,1) (3,1)

(1,1) (2,1)

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OpenGL
Scaling
 glScale[fd](Sx, Sy, Sz)

 glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP);
◦ glVertex2i(0,0);
◦ glVertex2i(4,0);
◦ glVertex2i(4,4);
◦ glVertex2i(0,4);
 glEnd();
 glScaled(2,2,1);
 glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP);
◦ glVertex2i(0,0);
◦ glVertex2i(4,0);
◦ glVertex2i(4,4);
◦ glVertex2i(0,4);
 glEnd();

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OpenGL
Scaling:
 O ut p u
t:

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 Rotation
 In linear algebra, a rotation matrix is a
transformation matrix that is used to perform a rotation in
Euclidean space. For example, using the convention below,
the matrix

rotates points in the xy plane

counterclockwise through an
angle θ with respect to the
positive x axis about the origin of a
2D Cartesian coordinate system.
• By means of the following matrix multiplication,

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Thus, the new coordinates (x′, y′) of a point (x, y) after rotation are

• The direction of vector rotation is counterclockwise

if θ is positive (e.g. 90°), and clockwise if θ is
negative (e.g. −90°). Thus, the clockwise rotation
matrix is found as

x' = x cos θ + y sin θ

y' = -x sin θ + y cos θ
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Rotation
 The equation for rotation about a reference point
(xf,yf) is:

x'  x f  (x  x f ) cos  ( y  y f ) sin

y'  y f  (x  x f ) sin  ( y  y f ) cos

(x’,y’)
(x,y
 )
(xf,yf)

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Rotation
Example
 Consider a rectangle with coordinates (1,1), (3,1),
(3,5), (1,5). Rotate it 45o about the point (1,1).

 Solution:
◦ (xf,yf)=(1,1),  = 45o.
◦ So, x’ = xf + (x-xf)*cos  - (y-yf)sin 
◦ And, y’ = yf + (x-xf)sin  + (y-yf)*cos
Old Coordinates New Coordinates
(1,1) (1,1)
(3,1) (2.4142, 2.4142)
(3,5) (-0.4142 5.2426)
(1,5) (-1.828, 3.828)

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Rotation
 In Opengl
◦ glRotatef(angle, x, y, z).

◦ Rotation 45o about the z-axis:

 glRotatef(45, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0).

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Rotation
 glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP);
◦ glVertex2i(0,0);
◦ glVertex2i(4,0);
◦ glVertex2i(4,4);
◦ glVertex2i(0,4);
 glEnd();
 glRotatef(45, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
 glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP);
◦ glVertex2i(0,0);
◦ glVertex2i(4,0);
◦ glVertex2i(4,4);
◦ glVertex2i(0,4);
 glEnd();

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Rotation
Output:

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Reflectio
n The equation for reflection with respect to x-axis
◦ For each point (x, y)
◦ New point (x, -y).

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Reflectio
n The equation for reflection with respect to y-axis
◦ For each point (x, y)
◦ New point (-x, y).

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Reflectio
n The equation for reflection with respect to origin
◦ For each point (x, y)
◦ New point (-x, -y).

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Reflection
Example
 Consider a rectangle with coordinates (1,1), (3,1),
(3,5), (1,5). Reflect it with respect to x-axis

 Solution:
Old Coordinates New Coordinates
(1,1) (1, -1)
(3,1) (3, -1)
(3,5) (3, -5)
(1,5) (1, -5)

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Reflection
Example
 Consider a rectangle with coordinates (1,1), (3,1),
(3,5), (1,5). Reflect it with respect to y-axis

 Solution:
Old Coordinates New Coordinates
(1,1) (-1, 1)
(3,1) (-3, 1)
(3,5) (-3, 5)
(1,5) (-1, 5)

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Reflection
Example
 Consider a rectangle with coordinates (1,1), (3,1),
(3,5), (1,5). Reflect it with respect to origin

 Solution:
Old Coordinates New Coordinates
(1,1) (-1, -1)
(3,1) (-3, -1)
(3,5) (-3, -5)
(1,5) (-1, -5)

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Homogeneous Coordinates
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