Scribd
Upload
16 views

Lesson 7 Transistort

Uploaded by

Liwayway Ocampo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views

Lesson 7 Transistort

Uploaded by

Liwayway Ocampo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

TRANSISTOR

Contents:
 Definition
 Identifying transistor leads
 Identified by identifying marks
 Identified based on the configuration of the body
 Identified by ohmmeter test
 Identifying emitter and collector by test

 Determining base by test

 Testing transistor with an ohmmeter


 Identifying by test PNP or NPN
 3 tests to evaluate if a transistor is good or defective
 Tests of good transistor
 Tests of defective transistor
Transistors
-a small low-powered solid-
state electronic device consisting of a
semiconductor and at least three
electrodes, used as an amplifier and
rectifier and frequently incorporated into
integrated circuit chips
There’s a transistor that the leads
are positioned closely together in a triangular
form. A dot on the body indicates collector.
The base lead is always in the center,
therefore the remaining lead is the emitter.
This method is standard for this kind of
transistors.
a. There is a transistor with a flat portion on a round
body, the nearest to the flat part of the body lead is emitter
b. In another case there is a tab on the body which
indicates the emitter
c. A transistor with two leads, the body of this
transistor serves as collector. Some transistors with this type
of body have identification labels. However, some are without
them. In this case hold the transistor so that the two leads
and the hole nearest to them in the body are in the upper
position. The left terminal is the base and the other lead is
the emitter
d. The body of a power transistor is made of plastic
and metal. The metal part is provided with a hole for the
purpose of mounting the transistor. The metal tab is
connected to the collector lead. This lead arrangement is
standard
e. Another transistor, is the base is identified by its
Ohmmeter tests are helpful in identifying
emitter and collector. The DC resistances of base-
emitter and base-collector junctions are not
equal. The reverse DC resistance of the base-
emitter junction tends to be lower than that of the
base-collector. For these tests, set the ohmmeter
to the highest range x10K. Conduct the tests
similarly to the diode test of the transistor. The
test should be in reverse mode.
Some transistors have equal DC resistances
and it is difficult to distinguish between the two
leads. In such a case your experience with
transistors will soon educate you in determining
the leads.
R R

B B
C E C
E Lower
Higher resistance
resistance
The base of a transistor can be determined by
forward or reverse tests. Small signal transistors
particularly with half round plastic bodies have two
different locations of the base. It is located either at
the center or right side lead if you are facing the flat
side of the body.
Let us assume the center lead is the base. If the
pointer of the ohmmeter both deflect, it means that
our assumption is correct because both tests show
low resistance. The same would be true if both
indicated high resistance. If the readings are
opposite, one shows forward (low) and the other
reverse (high) resistances the assumption is wrong.
You may pick the right hand and follow the same
testing procedures.
R R
To simplify the understanding, a bipolar transistor can be viewed
as two diodes facing each other in NPN and with their backs to
each other in PNP transistors.

NPN PNP
(Negative Positive Negative) (Positive Negative Positive)
Both terms “front” and
“forward” mean low resistance.
On the other hand “back” and
“reverse” mean high resistance.
forward forward

NPN PNP

forward

forward
R emitter-collector
base-
collector NPN
R

base- R
emitter
The first and second tests are diode tests of front and back
resistances. The third is leakages current test and should
indicate high resistance in a good transistor.
forward reverse leakage current

B E B B
E C E C
C
base-emitter

B E E B C
C
R R

base-collector

B E E B C
C
R R

emitter-collector

B E E B C
C
R R

base-emitter
shorted

B C C B E
E
R R

base-collector
open

B E E B C
C
R R

emitter-collector

B C C B E
E

leak shorted
no little
leakage leakage
emitter-
collector

B E E B C
C
good

Silicon transistor Germanium transistor


Just as you are about to check transistors it
is important that you observe precautions to avoid
possible damage to a transistor or arriving at false
test results.
Ranges x1-x10 are intended for checking
large transistors. The current available in these
ranges is great enough to possibly damage small
signal transistors. Ranges x1K-x10K are suitable
for small transistors. A single test may not be very
conclusive, double check it. Range x10K is very
sensitive and a contact of transistor leads or test
prods with your fingers will give you false results.
After some practice transistor testing will be easy.
Checking transistors with an ohmmeter is not
always conclusive in cases when the readings
indicate a good transistor. However, the ohmmeter
check provides fairly reliable test results. If you
have doubts about the quality of transistor its
replacement will confirm whether the component is
good or bad. The ohmmeter test is that of
conduction by means of the internal battery of a
tester. In actual circuit conditions a transistor may
operate under higher voltages than the one provided
by the internal ohmmeter battery. This explains why
the ohmmeter test is not always conclusive.
Sometimes a partly defective transistor can display
its defects only under higher supply voltages.
Prepared by: Maika A. De Torres
IV-Narra

You might also like