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Computer Languages

The document discusses the classification and generations of programming languages. It describes how languages have evolved from low-level machine languages to high-level languages that are more abstract and human-readable. The classifications include low-level languages, high-level languages, and generations from first to fifth generation languages.

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Mubeen Sk
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18 views

Computer Languages

The document discusses the classification and generations of programming languages. It describes how languages have evolved from low-level machine languages to high-level languages that are more abstract and human-readable. The classifications include low-level languages, high-level languages, and generations from first to fifth generation languages.

Uploaded by

Mubeen Sk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Languages

"A programming language is a set of written symbols


that instructs the computer hardware to perform
specific tasks. Typically, a programming language
consists of a vocabulary and a set of rules (called
syntax) that the programmer must learn".
Classification of programming languages

As the involvement of computer, automation and robotics growing in our daily


life, programming becomes highly required to control all of them. To control all
of these systems and machines and take desired output by them skilled
programming languages is necessary. However the area of programming language
become how much wide but it will be under one of the three category of
programming languages. Since the starting of programming language, it is
classified into three categories. Sometime it’s also known as level and/or
generation of programming language. All the computer programming languages
are broadly classified into the following
 Low Level
 High Level
Generations of programming language
 . First Generation (1GL) - Machine Language:
• Consists of binary codes (0s and 1s).
• Directly executed by a computer without any translation.
• Highly hardware-specific; programmers needed to know the exact
architecture and hardware details.

 2. Second Generation (2GL) - Assembly Language:


• Uses mnemonic codes and symbolic addresses instead of binary.
• Requires an assembler to convert to machine code.
• Provides a bit more abstraction than machine language but is still closely
tied to the machine architecture.
 3. Third Generation (3GL) - High-Level Programming Languages:
• Abstracts machine details and allows developers to write more human-
readable code.
• Includes languages like C, C++, Fortran, COBOL, Java, and Pascal.
• Requires compilers or interpreters to translate to machine code or
bytecode.
• Introduces structured programming paradigms.
 4. Fourth Generation (4GL) - Very High-Level Programming Languages:
• Further abstracts programming concepts and is often task-specific.
• Often used for database interaction, report generation, and some business
applications.
• Examples include SQL (for database queries), MATLAB (for matrix and
numerical calculations), and tools like Oracle Reports.
 5. Fifth Generation (5GL) - Constraint-based or Logic Programming
Languages:
• Focused on solving problems using constraints given instead of a specific
algorithm.
• Prolog is an example of a 5GL, where solutions are derived from a set of
facts and rules.
• Used primarily for artificial intelligence and knowledge-based applications.
 While these classifications serve as a foundational understanding of the
evolution of programming languages, the borders between these
generations aren't always distinct. Over the decades, numerous languages
and tools have been developed, each with its unique features and
purposes. The trend has been moving towards more abstraction, ease of
use, and flexibility in expressing complex logic and operations.

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