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Chap 10 - Classification and Variation

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30 views

Chap 10 - Classification and Variation

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diamehta1512
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Classification and

Variation
Classification is the grouping of organisms.
Grouping is done on the basis of similarities and
differences. When we group organisms we are
able to study them more easily and can see
evolutionary trends.

Fungi, Monera, Protoctista. Animals and Plants


are the major groups of living organisms.
Dividing the animal Kingdom

Animal Kingdom

Invertebrates
Vertebrates
(don’t have
(Have backbone)
backbone)
Groups in Invertebrates {These are called Phylum (singular) or Phyla
(plural)}

1) Coelenterates: Animals in this phylum have a body cavity. They possess tentacles that have
stinging cells on them. Hydra, Sea Anemone, Corals, Jelly Fish are examples.

Hydra
Sea Anemone Jelly Fish
Corals
2) Platyhelminthes (Flat Worms): E.g: Liver fluke and Tapeworm are both
parasites that affect humans.

3) Nematodes (Round Worms): Thin cylindrical bodies that are not divided into
segments. E.g. Roundworm.

4) Annelids (Segmented Worms): Long thin soft bodies divided into segments.
E.g Earthworm

Round Worm
Earthworm
Tape Worm
Liver Fluke
5) Arthropods (Arthros=Jointed,
Podos=Foot)

Arthropods
(skeleton and
jointed legs)

Insects Myriapods Arachnids Crustaceans


Classes in Arthropoda
a) Insects have one pair of antennae, three pair of legs and two pair
of wings.
b) Myriapods have one pair of antennae, long cylindrical flat body
with many legs. E.g. Centipede, Millipede
c) Arachnids have four pair of legs. Do not have antennae. Eg.
Spider, Scorpion
d) Crustaceans have two pairs of antennae. Eg. Crab, Prawns
a) Cockroach
b) Centipede

c) Spider
d) Crab
6) Molluscs

• Soft bodied animals


• Most of them have a shell to
protect
the soft body
7) Echinoderms (Echinos= Spiny Derma=Skin)

The bodies of Echinoderms have several arms and have 5 equal segments.
E.g. Star Fish, Sea Urchin

Star Fish Sea Urchin


B) Groups in Vertebrates (These are called
Classes). There are five classes in the
Vertebrates.
Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals

Scales, Fins and Smooth skin, eggs Scales, soft-shelled Feathers Hair
eggs laid in water laid in water eggs laid on land Hard shelled eggs Suckle young with
milk
Orders in Mammals
a) Insectivores b) Bats c) Rodents d) Whales

Small body long snout Small Body Chisel like teeth for Flippers
Wings gnawing Tail with fins
b)
a)

c) d)
An Order is made of groups called
families. The whales Order in the Class of
Mammals has 4 families.
 The families are split into smaller group called
genera
 In genera the organisms with same characteristics
are placed in species
 Members of species breed together to produce
offspring.
 Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and
Species. CLASSIFICATION HEIRRACHY
Binomial System of Nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus devised a system of naming. In this system every organism would
have two names (like name and surname). The first name is the name of the Genus and
the second name is the name of the Species. These two names together form the
Scientific Name of each organism. The generic name always begins with a capital letter
and the specific name is always in small letters. Eg: Panthera leo (LION).

At that time Latin and Greek were the two languages used by scientists and therefore
Linnaeus used these two languages when giving names.

The African clawed toad for example has the Scientific Name: Xenopus laevis. Xenous
in Greek means strange and Pous in Greek means foot. Hence Xenopus means strange
foot, referring to the webbed feet of the toad. Laevis in latin means smooth and refers to
the smooth skin of the toad.
The Plant Kingdom
The plant kingdom is divided into 5 groups:
1) Algae:
 They do not have root, stem and leaves but they do contain
green pigment called chlorophyll.
 When they occur in large numbers, they can be clearly seen
and they turn pond water green.
 Algae forms large part of plankton.
 Some algae like sea weeds are very large. They contain red
and brown pigments.
Algae
2) Liverworts and Mosses:

• They do not have true roots, stem and leaves but have root-like, stem-like and leaf-like
structures.
• They grow in damp places near streams and ponds.
• Liverworts and mosses reproduce by producing spores. Spores are formed in capsules.
When the capsule bursts the spores are released.

Moss with capsule


Liverwort with capsule

Moss
3) Ferns
 True
roots, stem and leaves present. Reproduce by
making spores.
 Spores are made in sporangia on the underside of
the leaves which are called fronds.
 When sporangia open, the spores are released into
the air.
Frond

Sporangia on the under surface of a


frond
4) Conifers (Gymnosperms)
 Roots, woody stem and needle like leaves.
 Most conifers lose and replace their leaves all year round.
 Conifers reproduce by making seeds which are found in cones.
5) Flowering plants (Angiosperms)

 Root, stem and leaves present and well developed.


 All of these plants reproduce by flowers which produce seeds.
Monocots v/s Dicots
 Flowering plants can be classified as Monocots and Dicots.
Variation

 Featuresthat are used to separate living things into groups


and forms a classification system is called variation.
 The individuals in a species are not identical. There are
different combination of features.
 There are two types of variation, continuous and
discontinuous.
Continuous Variation

 The variation that varies only in amount, from one


individual to next is continuous variation.
 E.g: Height or body mass.
Discontinuous Variation

 A featurethat shows small number of distinct


conditions, like blood group, ear lobes.
Cause of Variation

 Lack of minerals
 Lack of sunlight
 Hibernation

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