Introduction to Networking

Objective:

•To be acquainted with:

•The definitions of networking
•Network topology

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 Definitions
What is a Network?

• A network can be defined as two or more

computers connected together in such a
way that they can share resources.

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• A network is simply a collection of
computers or other hardware devices that
are connected together, either physically or
logically, using special hardware and
software, to allow them to exchange
information and cooperate. Networking is the
term that describes the processes involved
in designing, implementing, upgrading,
managing and otherwise working with
networks and network technologies.

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 Advantages of networking

• Connectivity and Communication

• Data Sharing
• Hardware Sharing
• Internet Access
• Internet Access Sharing
• Data Security and Management
• Performance Enhancement and Balancing
• Entertainment
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The Disadvantages (Costs) of Networking

• Network Hardware, Software and Setup Costs

• Hardware and Software Management and
Administration Costs
• Undesirable Sharing
• Illegal or Undesirable Behavior
• Data Security Concerns
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 Fundamental Network
Classifications

• Local Area Networks (LANs):

• Wide Area Networks (WANs):
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
• Personal Area Network (PAN):

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Local Area Networks (LANs):
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a
small geographic area, like a home, office, or group of buildings.

Wide Area Networks (WANs):

Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a
broad area (i.e., any network whose communications links cross
metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). Or, less formally, a
network that uses routers and public communications links
The largest and most well-known example of a WAN is the
Internet.
WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks
together, so that users and computers in one location can
communicate with users and computers in other locations

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The Local Network (LAN)

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Wide Area Network

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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
 A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that
interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic
area or region larger than that covered by even a large local
area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide
area network (WAN). The term is applied to the interconnection
of networks in a city into a single larger network (which may then
also offer efficient connection to a wide area network). It is also
used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks
by bridging them with backbone lines. The latter usage is also
sometimes referred to as a campus network.

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Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

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 Personal Area Network (PAN):

• A personal area network is a computer network for

interconnecting electronic devices within an individual person's
workspace. A PAN provides data transmission among devices
such as computers, smartphones, tablets and personal digital
assistants.
• PAN network connections can either be wired or wireless.
Wired connection methods include USB and FireWire;
wireless connection methods include Bluetooth (the most
common), WiFi, IrDA, and Zigbee

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Personal Area Network (PAN):

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 Intranet and Internet Specifications
• Intranet: An intranet is a private network that is contained within an
enterprise. It may consist of many interlinked local area networks
and also use leased lines in the wide area network.
• An intranet uses TCP/IP, HTTP, and other Internet protocols and in
general looks like a private version of the Internet. With tunneling,
companies can send private messages through the public network,
using the public network with special encryption/decryption and
other security safeguards to connect one part of their intranet to
another.
• Internet: is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network
of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have
permission, get information from any other computer (and
sometimes talk directly to users at other computers).

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 Client and Server computer role in
networking

• Server computer is a core component of the network, providing a

link to the resources necessary to perform any task.
• A server computer provides a link to the resources necessary to
perform any task.
• The link it provides could be to a resource existing on the server
itself or a resource on a client computer.
• Client computers normally request and receive information over
the network client. Client computers also depends primarily on
the central server for processing activities

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 Peer-to peer network

• A peer-to-peer network is a network where the computers act as both

workstations and servers.
• great for small, simple, and inexpensive networks.
• In a strict peer-to-peer networking setup, every computer is an equal,
a peer in the network.
• Each machine can have resources that are shared with any other
machine.
• There is no assigned role for any particular device, and each of the
devices usually runs similar software. Any device can and will send
requests to any other.

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Peer-to peer network

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 Client/Server Networking

• In this design, a small number of computers are

designated as centralized servers and given the
task of providing services to a larger number of
user machines called clients

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Client/Server Networking

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 Network topology
• A topology is a way of “laying out” the network. Topologies can
be either physical or logical.
• Physical topologies refers to the layout of cables, computers
and other peripherals.

• Logical topologies is the method used to pass the information

between the computers.

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 Network Topology

• Bus (can be both logical and physical)

• Star (physical only)
• Ring (can be both logical and physical)
• Mesh (can be both logical and physical)

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 Bus
• • A bus is the simplest physical topology. It consists of a
single cable that runs to every workstation
• • This topology uses the least amount of cabling, but also
covers the shortest amount of distance.
• • Each computer shares the same data and address path.
With a logical bus topology, messages pass through the
trunk, and each workstation checks to see if the message is
addressed to itself. If the address of the message matches
the workstation’s address, the network adapter copies the
message to the card’s on-board memory

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Bus Topology

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 Star Topology
• A physical star topology branches each network
device off a central device called a hub, making it
very easy to add a new workstation.
• Also, if any workstation goes down it does not
affect the entire network. (But, as you might
expect, if the central device goes down, the entire
network goes down.)

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Star Topology

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 Ring Topology
• Each computer connects to two other computers, joining them
in a circle creating a unidirectional path where messages
move workstation to workstation.
• Each entity participating in the ring reads a message, then
regenerates it and hands it to its neighbor on a different
network cable.
• The ring makes it difficult to add new computers.
• Unlike a star topology network, the ring topology network will
go down if one entity is removed from the ring.
• Physical ring topology systems don’t exist much anymore,
mainly because the hardware involved was fairly expensive
and the fault tolerance was very low.

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Ring Topology

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 MESH TOPOLOGY

• all the computers are inter-connected to each other in a network.

Each computer not only sends its own signals but also relays data
from other computers.

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 Advantage of mesh Topology

1.There is no traffic problem as there are dedicated point to

point links for each computer.
2.It has multiple links, so if one route is blocked then other can
be accessed for data communication.
3.Its provides high privacy and security.
4.And fault identification is easy because of point to point
connection.
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 Disadvantage of mesh Topology

1.Mesh topology requires high NO: of cables and I/O ports for the
communication.
2.Installationis very difficult in mesh topology, as each node is
connected to every node.
3.Mesh topology is costly compared to the other network
topologies.

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MESH TOPOLOGY

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 Advantages and Disadvantages
of Network Topologies
Topology Advantages Disadvantages

Bus Cheap. Easy to install. Difficult to reconfigure. Break in bus

disables entire network.

Star Cheap. Easy to install. More expensive than bus.

Easy to reconfigure.
Fault tolerant.
Ring Efficient. Easy to install. Reconfiguration difficult. Very
expensive.

Mesh Simplest. Most fault Reconfiguration extremely difficult.

tolerant. Extremely expensive.
Very complex.
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THANK YOU !

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QUIZ NO. 02
1.-2. Give at least two advantages of networking.

3. Data travels from node to node, with each node along the way handling
every packet.
4. This topology refers to the layout of cables, computers and other peripherals.
5. A __________ provides a link to the resources necessary to perform any
task.
6. A way of “laying out” the network.
7. A network where the computers act as both workstations and servers.
8. It is a private network that is contained within an enterprise.
9. It is a computer network for interconnecting electronic devices within an
individual person's workspace.
10. It is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office,
or group of buildings.

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Assignment!!!

Create a Network Plan.

20points

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