Certification paper

Student Coordinating Teacher

Andrei Popa Raluca Cîrţu
Major Events in British History
 Argument
A better understanding of history benefits
entire societies as well as people inside them.
History teaches us how prior societies,
systems, ideologies, governments, cultures,
and technologies were built, how they
functioned, and how they evolved. The rich
history of the planet allows us to construct a
thorough picture of where we are today.
 The first Britons
The first Britons (people who live in
the United Kingdom) were the Picts,
who arrived about 10,000 years ago. In
the eighth century B.C., the Celts
arrived from Europe and pushed the
Picts north into Scotland. In A.D. 43,
the Romans invaded and ruled for
nearly 400 years. They built roads,
bathhouses, sewers, and large villas.
 Naming England

By the sixth century A.D., German

peoples known as Angles, Jutes, and
Saxons were moving into Britain.
The Angles gave their name to
England, and English people became
known as Anglo-Saxons. From the
900s to the 1400s, England was ruled
by Viking, Danish, and Norman
invaders.
Vikings in England
The final Viking invasion of
England came in 1066, when Harald
Hardrada sailed up the River
Humber and marched to Stamford
Bridge with his men. His battle
banner was called Land-waster. The
English king, Harold Godwinson,
marched north with his army and
defeated Hardrada in a long and
bloody battle
 Tudor England
In 1485 the Welsh noble Henry
Tudor claimed the English crown
and became Henry VII, the first
of five Tudor monarchs. Several
important lines of kings and
queens followed.
 17th century
During the 17th century, England became steadily
richer. Trade and commerce grew and grew. By the
late 17th century trade was an increasingly important
part of the English economy. Meanwhile, industries
such as glass, brick-making, iron, and coal mining
expanded rapidly. The 17th century was a period of
great turbulence in British history and this was
reflected in art and design. The period began with the
ending of the Tudor dynasty and the rise of the
Stuarts. In the middle of the century, the Civil War
and execution of Charles I saw Puritanism take hold.
 18th century
The 18th century would see England (after 1707, Great
Britain) rise to be the world's dominant colonial power,
and France becoming its main rival on the imperial
stage. In 1701, England, Portugal and the Netherlands
sided with the Holy Roman Empire against Spain and
France in the War of the Spanish Succession. The
foundation of the Bank of England in 1694 and other
finance companies made it possible to make fortunes
on the stock market, and the expansion of trade and
industry forged powerful mercantile dynasties such as
the Whitbreads (brewing), Smiths (banking), and
Strutts (textiles).
 19th century
The 19th century was one of rapid development and
change, far swifter than in previous centuries. During
this period England changed from a rural, agricultural
country to an urban, industrialised one. This involved
massive dislocation and radically altered the nature of
society.
Important political events during this period included
the abolition of slavery in the British Empire; the
expansions of the franchise; working-class political
activism, most notably Chartism; the rise of liberalism
as the dominant political ideology, especially of the
middle class
 20th century
The 20th century saw two world wars catalyse
enormous social change across the country, including
dramatic enhancements in health and education.
The motor car stormed through town and country,
transforming both, and Britain no longer ruled a third
of the planet.
The World Wars sparked tension between countries and
led to the creation of atomic bombs, the Cold War led
to the Space Race and creation of space-based rockets,
and the World Wide Web was created.
 GOVERNMENT
Britain's system of government has
developed over many centuries. Kings
once ruled with advice from a council
of religious leaders and nobles. This
council eventually expanded into the
Parliament, which now passes all the
country's laws. Today, the monarch
(which can be a king or queen) has no
real power.
 Conclusion
The UK continued its transition from an industrial
society, where the majority of people worked in the
mining and manufacturing industries, to a post-industrial
society, where the majority of people work in service
industries, in the early 21st century.
The level of living in Britain was higher than it had ever
been in the 21st century. Only 27% of people in 1998 had
a mobile phone. 79% of the population did by 2008. The
percentage increased to 95% by 2018. 25% of British
households in 2001 had a dishwasher. The percentage
increased to 49% by 2018. However, not everyone
enjoyed the riches. Food banks were utilized by certain
people throughout the 2010s and 2020s.