DATA

PRESENTATION
AND FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION
TABLE
Prepared by: Alsafat M. Abdul – Faculty, DMS-
CS, PUP
METHODS OF DATA PRESENTATION

1. Textual or narrative
2. Tabular
3. Graphical Method
TEXTUAL OR NARRATIVE PRESENTATION:

• Detailed information are given in textual presentation

• Narrative report is a way to present data
In presenting the data in textual or paragraph or narrative form, one describes the data
by enumerating some of the highlights of the data set like giving the highest, the
lowest or the average values. In case there are only few observations, say less than ten
observations, the values could be enumerated if there is a need to do so. An example
of which is shown below:

The country’s poverty incidence among families as reported by the Philippine Statistics Authority
(PSA), the agency mandated to release official poverty statistics, decreases from 21% in 2006 down to
19.7% in 2012. For 2012, the regional estimates released by PSA indicate that the Autonomous Region
of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) is the poorest region with poverty incidence among families estimated at
48.7%. The region with the smallest estimated poverty incidence among families at 2.6% is the
National Capital Region (NCR).
TABULAR PRESENTATION:

• Numerical values are presented using tables.

• Information are lost in tabular presentation of data.
• Frequency distribution table is also applicable for qualitative variables
The tabular method of presentation is applicable for large data sets.
Trends could easily be seen in this kind of presentation. However, there is
a loss of information when using such kind of presentation. The frequency
distribution table is the usual tabular form of presenting the distribution of
the data.
The following are the common parts of a statistical table:

a. Table title includes the number and a short description of what is found inside the table.
b. Column header provides the label of what is being presented in a column.
c. Row header provides the label of what is being presented in a row.
d. Body are the information in the cell intersecting the row and the column.

In general, a table should have at least three rows and/or three columns. However, too
many information to convey in a table is also not advisable. Tables are usually used in
written technical reports and in oral presentation.
EXAMPLE OF
PRESENTING
DATA IN
TABULAR
FORM:

Table 5.1 Regional estimates of poverty incidence among families based on the
Family Income and Expenditures Survey conducted on the same year of
reporting. (Source: PSA)
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION:

• Trends are easily seen in graphs compared to tables.

• It is good to present data using pictures or figures like the pictograph. •
Pie charts are used to present data as part of one whole.
• Line graphs are for time-series data.
• It is better to present data using graphs than tables as they are much
better to look at
Graphical presentation on the other hand, is a visual presentation of the data. Graphs
are commonly used in oral presentation. There are several forms of graphs to use like
the pie chart, pictograph, bar graph, line graph, histogram and box-plot. Which form
to use depends on what information is to be relayed.

For example, trends across time are easily seen using a line graph. However, values of
variables in nominal or ordinal levels of measurement should not be presented using
line graph.
THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE AND HISTOGRAM

A special type of tabular and graphical presentation is the frequency distribution table
(FDT) and its corresponding histogram.

An FDT is a presentation containing non-overlapping categories or classes of a

variable and the frequencies or counts of the observations falling into the categories or
classes.
There are two types of FDT according to the type of data being organized:
a qualitative FDT or a quantitative FDT.

For a qualitative FDT, the non-overlapping categories of the variable are identified, and
frequencies as well as the percentages of observations falling into the categories, are
computed.
On the other hand, for a quantitative FDT, there are also of two types: ungrouped and
grouped.

Ungrouped FDT is constructed when there are only a few observations or if the data set
contains only few possible values.
Grouped FDT is constructed when there is a large number of observations and when the data
set involves many possible values.
STEPS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF A GROUPED FDT

1. Identify the largest data value or the maximum (MAX) and smallest data value or
the minimum (MIN) from the data set and compute the range, R. The range is the
difference between the largest and smallest value, i.e., .
2. Determine the number of classes, using , where N is the total number of
observations in the data set. Round-off to the nearest whole number. It should be
noted that the computed might not be equal to the actual number of classes
constructed in an FDT.
3. Calculate the class size, , using . Round off to the nearest value with precision the
same as that with the raw data.
4. Construct the classes or the class intervals. A class interval is defined by a lower
limit (LL) and an upper limit (UL). The LL of the lowest class is usually the MIN of
the data set. The LL’s of the succeeding classes are then obtained by adding to the LL
of the preceding classes. The UL of the lowest class is obtained by subtracting one
unit of measure , (where x is the maximum number of decimal places observed from
the raw data) from the LL of the next class. The UL’s of the succeeding classes are
then obtained by adding c to the UL of the preceding classes. The lowest class should
contain the MIN, while the highest class should contain the MAX.
5. Tally the data into the classes constructed in Step 4 to obtain the frequency of each
class. Each observation must fall in one and only one class.
6. Add (if needed) the following distributional characteristics:
a. True Class Boundaries (TCB). The TCBs reflect the continuous property of
a continuous data. It is defined by a lower TCB (LTCB) and an upper TCB (UTCB).
These are obtained by taking the midpoints of the gaps between classes or by using
the following formulas: LTCB = LL – 0.5(one unit of measure) and UTCB = UL +
0.5(one unit of measure).
b. Class Mark (CM). The CM is the midpoint of a class and is obtained by
taking the average of the lower and upper TCB’s, i.e. CM = (LTCB + UTCB)/2.
 c. Relative Frequency (RF). The RF refers to the frequency of the class as a
fraction of the total frequency, i.e. . RF can be computed for both qualitative and
quantitative data. RF can also be expressed in percent.
d. Cumulative Frequency (CF). The CF refers to the total number of
observations greater than or equal to the LL of the class (>CF) or the total number of
observations less than or equal to the UL of the class (<CF).
e. Relative Cumulative Frequency (RCF). RCF refers to the fraction of the
total number of observations greater than or equal to the LL of the class (>RCF) or the
fraction of the total number of observations less than or equal to the UL of the class
(<RCF). RCF can also be expressed in percent.
The histogram is a graphical presentation of the frequency distribution table in the
form of a vertical bar graph. There are several forms of the histogram, and the most
common form has the frequency on its vertical axis while the true class boundaries in
the horizontal axis.
As an example, the FDT and its corresponding histogram of the 2012 estimated
poverty incidences of 144 municipalities and cities of Region VIII are shown below.
EXAMPLE:
THANK YOU!!