MEE 302 –
Thermodynamics II
Unit 3: Entropy
Eng. A. Kabemba
Introduction
• ‘Entropy’ is the outcome of second law and is a thermodynamic property.
• Entropy is defined in the form of calculus operation, hence no exact
physical description of it can be given.
• However, it has immense significance in thermodynamic process
analysis.
Definition of Entropy
• In the 1800s Clausius observed that in heat-powered devices, Only a
percentage of the energy was converted into actual work. Nature was
exerting a tax. Scientists asked, where did the rest of the heat go and why?
• Clausius explained that the quantities of heat which must be added to or
subtracted from a changeable body are not the same, when these changes
occur in a non-reversible manner unlike if the same changes occur
reversibly.
• Secondly, Clausius explained that with each non-reversible change is
associated an uncompensated transformation, and proposed to call the
magnitude S the Entropy of the body.
Definition of Entropy
Entropy, the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that
is unavailable for doing useful work.
Because work is obtained from ordered molecular motion, the amount
of entropy is also a measure of the molecular disorder, or randomness, of a
system.
A thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's
thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as
the degree of disorder or randomness in the system.
Clausius Inequality
This is called
Clausius inequality.
Entropy– A Property of System
• From Clausius inequality mathematically it is shown that for a reversible
cycle.
Entropy– A Property of System
Let us take a reversible cycle comprising of two processes A and B (See
figure) and apply Clausius inequality.
Entropy– A Property of System
• Hence, it shows that is some property and does not depend upon path
followed.
• This thermodynamic property is called “Entropy”.
• Entropy is generally denoted by ‘S’
Therefore, the energy interactions in the form of heat are accompanied
by Entropy changes.
Entropy– A Property of System
• Writing it as function of entropy change.
Entropy– A Property of System
Entropy is point function and depends only on end states therefore
entropy change for any process following reversible or irreversible path
shall be same.
Entropy– A Property of System
• Mathematical formulation for entropy (dQrev = T dS) can be
used for getting property diagrams between “temperature and
entropy” (T – S), “enthalpy and entropy” (h – S).
Entropy– A Property of System
• Area under process curve on T–S diagram gives heat transferred, for
internally reversible process dQint, rev = T · dS
Principle of Entropy Increase
By the Second Law;
For an isolated system, therefore
For a reversible process, , i.e.
for an irreversible process
Principle of Entropy Increase
• This means the entropy of an isolated system always increases, if it has
irreversible processes,
• In general form
It may be concluded here that the entropy of an isolated system always
increases in the case of an irreversible process or remains constant in case
of reversible processes.
This is known as “Principle of Entropy Increase” or “Entropy Principle’’
Principle of Entropy Increase
• Universe which comprises of system and surroundings may also be treated as
isolated system and from Entropy Principle;
Means that entropy of universe either increases continuously for irreversible
processes or remains constant for reversible processes.
Since,
Universe = System + Surrounding.
Therefore
or
Principle of Entropy Increase
Since most of the processes occurring generally are of irreversible type in universe,
so it can be said that in general entropy of universe keeps on increasing and shall be
maximum after attaining the state of equilibrium, which is very difficult to attain.
The total entropy change during a process = “entropy change in system” +
“entropy change in surroundings”.
• This total entropy change is also called “Entropy Generation” or “Entropy
Production”.
• Entropy generation will be zero in a reversible process.
Principle of Entropy Increase
Mathematically;
Entropy Change in
Closed Systems
In case of closed systems there is;
• No mass interaction occur between
the system and surroundings
• Heat and work interactions do occur.
Entropy change is therefore related to
heat interactions occurring in system
and surroundings.
Entropy Change in
Closed Systems
Entropy Generated
For system changing it's state from
1 to 2 i.e. initial and final state.
Entropy Change in
Closed Systems
For surroundings, entropy change
depends upon heat interactions.
Entropy Change in
Closed Systems
or
where m is mass in system and s1 and s2 are
specific entropy values at initial and final state
Then;
Entropy Change in Open Systems
In case of open systems;
• Mass interactions also take place along with energy
interactions.
• Mass flow into and out of system shall also cause some
entropy change.
• A control volume as shown (See Figure)
• Entropy entering and leaving at section i – i and o – o are
considered.
• Mass flow carries both energy and entropy into or out of
control volume.
• Entropy transfer with mass flow is called “Entropy
Transport”.
Entropy Transport is absent in closed systems.
Entropy Change in
Open Systems
• If control volume undergoes state change from 1
to 2, then entropy change in control volume shall
be;
(S2 – S1)
Entropy entering and leaving out may be given as
Si and So respectively.
By principle of entropy increase, total entropy
change shall be,
Entropy Change in
Open Systems
Entropy entering and leaving out may be given as
sum of entropy of all mass flows into and out of
system in case of uniform flow process.
• mi and mo are mass flows into and out of system, and
• si and so are specific entropy associated with mass entering
and leaving.
Entropy Change in
Open Systems
Therefore;
Entropy Change in
Open Systems
• In Steady flow process, properties do not change with respect to time
during any process
• Therefore, within control volume there shall be no change in entropy. i.e.
S1 = S2
Total entropy change or entropy generation for this case shall be;
Entropy Change in
Open Systems
In all the cases discussed above
Note:
Entropy generated can be taken as criterion to indicate feasibility of process
as follows;
1. If then process is reversible.
2. If then process is irreversible.
3. If then process is impossible.
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
A.Isothermal Process
• Let us find out entropy change for isothermal heat addition process.
• As isothermal process can be considered reversible, therefore entropy
change shall be;
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
A.Isothermal Process
Integrating within the limits
where Qa-b is total heat interaction during state change a – b at temperature T.
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
B. Isentropic Process
• It is the process during which change in entropy is zero and
entropy remains constant during process.
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
B. Isentropic Process
It indicates that when Sa-b = 0 then Qa-b = 0
The above means;
• There is no heat interaction during such process, and this is Adiabatic
Process.
• It can be said that “A Reversible Isentropic Process shall be Adiabatic
• But if Isentropic Process is adiabatic then it may or may not be
Reversible’’.
• Thus, adiabatic process may or may not be reversible.
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
B. Isentropic Process
• Isentropic expansion efficiency may be defined as ratio of actual work to
ideal work available during expansion.
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
B. Isentropic Process
• Similarly, isentropic and non-isentropic compression process are shown as
c – d and c – d’ respectively.
• Isentropic compression efficiency can be defined on same lines as,
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
B. Isentropic Process
For ideal gases Combination of first and second law yields;
also, we know that
substituting for du and R
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
B. Isentropic Process
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
B. Isentropic Process
If cv is function of temperature then,
If specific heat is constant then,
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
B. Isentropic Process
Also, combination of 1st and 2nd law yields following using; h = u + pv,
Or
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
B. Isentropic Process
Substituting;
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
B. Isentropic Process
Entropy Change;
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
B. Isentropic Process
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
C. Polytropic Process
• A Polytropic Process is a process that obeys the governing equation
PVn = constant, where n = Polytropic Index
• Entropy change in a polytropic process can be obtained as;
For polytropic process between 1 and 2
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
C. Polytropic Process
Can be re written as;
Also, from gas laws,
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
C. Polytropic Process
Above two pressure ratios gives,
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
C. Polytropic Process
Substituting in the entropy change relation derived earlier.
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
C. Polytropic Process
For perfect gas,
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
C. Polytropic Process
Substituting R in entropy change,
Entropy Change During Different
Thermodynamic Processes
C. Polytropic Process
Entropy change in polytropic process
Entropy and its Relevance
Note:
1. Heating a gas causes increase in energy level of gas molecules and thus
resulting in increased disorderness inside the vessel.
2. The higher the amount of energy with given to the molecules, the higher
the degree of disorderness.
Entropy is closely defined using the degree of disorderness.
• The greater is the molecular disorderness in the system greater shall be
Entropy.
Entropy and its Relevance
Entropy can also be defined as a parameter for quantifying the degree of
molecular disorderness in the system.
What does Entropy Tell us?
1. Entropy is a measure of driving potential available for occurrence of a
process
2. Entropy is an indicator of the direction of occurrence of any
thermodynamic process.
Entropy and its Relevance
Since Entropy of an isolated system always increases;
• A process shall always occur in such a direction in which either entropy
does not change or increases.
In general almost all real processes are of irreversible type so entropy tends
to increase.
Note:
• Entropy cannot be measured absolutely the change in entropy should
always have a positive or zero value.
Thermodynamic Property Relationship
Thermodynamic Property Relationship
