HISTORY OF

THE
COMPUTER
ICT 7 - QUARTER 1 - LESSON 1.1
COMPUTE
• Computer is a
R programmable machine.
• Computer is a machine
that manipulates data
according to a list of
instructions.

• Computer is a machine that

can work 24\7 without
sleeping or taking a break.
THREE PRINCIPLES CHARACTERISTIC OF
COMPUTER

• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a

well-defined manner

• It can execute a pre-recorded list of

instructions
• It can quickly store and retrieve large
amounts of data
EARLIEST COMPUTER

• Originally calculations were computed by

humans, whose job title was computers
• These human computers were typically
engaged in the calculation of a mathematical
expression
• The calculations of this period were specialized
and expensive, requiring years of training in
mathematics
EARLIEST COMPUTER

• The first use of the word “computer” was

recorded in 1613, referring to a person who
carried out calculations, or computations, and
the word continued to be used in that sense
until the middle of the 20th century.
 TALLY STICKS

• A tally stick was an

ancient memory
aid device to
record and
document numbers,
quantities, or even
messages.
 ABACUS • An abacus is a mechanical
device used to aid an
individual in performing
mathematical calculations
• The abacus was invented in
Babylonia in 2400 B.C.

• The abacus in the farm we are most familiar with was

first used in China in around 500 B.C.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic operations
 NAPIER’S BONES
• Invented by John Napier in
1614

• Allowed the operator to

multiply, divide, and calculate
square and cube roots by
moving the rods around and
placing them in specially
construction boards
Slide rule

• Invented by William Oughtred in 1622

• Is based on Napier’s ideas about logarithms

• Not normally used for addition or subtraction

Used primarily for:
multiplication
division Slide rule
roots
logarithms
trigonometry
 PASCALINE
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642
• It was its limitation to addition
and subtraction
• It is too expensive

BLAISE PASCAL
 STEPPED RECKONER

Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm

Leibniz in 1672
The machine that can add, subtract, GOTTFRIED
multiply and divide automatically WILHELM LEIBNIZ
 JACQUARD LOOM

• The Jacquard loom is a

mechanical loom, invented by
Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881
• It an automatic loom controlled JOSEPH-MARIE
JACQUARD
by punched cards
 ARITHMOMETE
R
• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de
Colmar in 1820.
• The first reliable, useful and commercially
successful calculating machine.
• It could perform the four basic mathematic
function
• The first mass-produced calculating machine
ARITHMOMETE
R

THOMAS DE
COLMAR
DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND
ANALYTICAL ENGINE

• It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed

to tabulate polynomial functions
• Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822-1834
• It an automatic, mechanical calculator
designed to It is the first mechanical
computer
 ANALYTICAL ENGINE

DIFFERENCE ENGINE
CHARLES
BABBAGE
 FIRST COMPUTER
PROGRAMMER

AUGUSTA ADA
BYRON

• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to

Babbage that he use the binary system
SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION
ENGINE
• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843
• Based on Charles Babbage’s difference engine
• The first printing calculator

PER GEORG SCHEUTZ

 Z1
• The first programmable computer
• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany in
1936 to 1938
• To program the Z1 required that the
user insert punch tape into a punch tape
reader and all output was generated
through punch tape
 Z1

KONRAD ZUSE
TABLUATING MACHINE

• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890

• The first to assist in summarizing
information and accounting

HERMAN HOLERITH
 HARVARD MARK 1

• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence

Controlled Calculator(ASCC) HOWARD H.
AIKEN
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943
• The first electro-mechanical computer
ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (ABC)

• It was the first electronic digital

computing device
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and
graduate student Clifford Berry at Lowa State
University between 1939 and 1942
• These can store the data into the
computer system
 ENIA
C
• It was the first electronic general-
purpose computer
• Completed in 1946
• Developed by John
Presper Eckert and
John W. Mauchl
 UNIVAC
1
• The UNIVAC 1 (UNIVersal Automatic
Computer 1) was the first commercial
computer
Designed by J. Presper Eckert and
John Mauchly
 EDVAC

• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete

Variable Automatic Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952
• It has a memory to hold both a stored
program as well as data
THE FIRST PORTABLE
COMPUTER

• Osborne 1 – the first portable computer

• Released in 1981 by the Osborne
Computer Corporation
THE FIRST COMPUTER
COMPANY
• The first computer company was the
Electronic Controls Company
• Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and
John Mauchly
COMPUTER
GENERATIONS

There are five generations of computer:

• First generation – 1946 – 1958

• Second generation – 1959 – 1964
• Third generation – 1965 – 1970
• Fourth generation – 1971 – today
THE FIRST
GENERATION
• The first computers used vacuum tubes for
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,
and were often enormous, taking up entire
rooms
• They were very expensive to operate and
in addition to using a great deal of
electricity, generated a lot of heat, which
was often the cause of malfunctions
THE FIRST
GENERATION
• First generation computers relied on machine
language, the lowest-level programming
language understood by computers, to perform
operations, and they could only solve one
problem at a time
• Input was based on punched cards and paper
tape, and output was displayed on printouts
VACUUM
TUBE
THE SECOND GENERATION

• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered

in the second generation of computers
• One transistor replaced the equivalent of
40 vacuum tubes
• Allowing computers to become smaller, faster,
cheaper, more energy-efficient and more
reliable
TRANSISTORS
THE SECOND
GENERATION
• Second-generation computers moved from
cryptic binary machine language to symbolic,
or assembly, languages, which allowed
programmers to specify instructions in words
• Second-generation computers still relied on
punched cards for input and printouts for
output
 THE SECOND
GENERATION

• These were also the first computers that stored

their instructions in their memory, which moved
from a magnetic drum to magnetic core
technology
 THE THIRD
GENERATION
• The development of the integrated circuit was
the hallmark of the third generation of
computers
• Transistors were miniaturized and placed on
silicon chips, called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and efficiency
of computers
THE THIRD GENERATION

• Much smaller and cheaper compare to

the second generation computers
• It could carry out instructions in billionths
of a second
• Users interacted with third generation computers
through keyboards and monitors and interfaced
with an operating system, which allowed the device
to run many different applications at one time with
a central program that monitored the memory
THE THIRD
GENERATION

• Computers for the first time became

accessible to a mass audience because
they were smaller and cheaper than
their predecessors

Integrated circuit
THE FOURTH
GENERATION
• The microprocessor brought the fourth
generation of computers, as thousands
of integrated circuits were built onto a
single silicon chip
• As these computers became more powerful, they
could be linked together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of the Internet
• Fourth generation computers also saw the
development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices
MICROPROCESSO
R
THE FIFTH
GENERATION

• Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Still in development
• The use of parallel processing and
superconductors is helping to make artificial
intelligence a reality
THE FIFTH
GENERATION
• The goal is to develop devices that respond to
natural language input and are capable of
learning and self-organization
• There are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today
EVALUATION
TRUE OR FALSE
1. Computer is a programmable device
2. John Napier invented the Stepped Reckoner
3. Charles Babbage invented only the analytical engine
4. Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline
5. Abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.
6. A computer can work 24 hours a day, and 365 days at a
week
7. The Analytical Engine is invented by John Napier
8. The Jaquard Loom is invented by Joseph-Marie Jaquard
SOURCE:

• https://ftms.edu.my/v2/wp-content/
uploads/2019/02/csca0101_ch01.pdf
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