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Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules 1

This document defines and distinguishes between polar and nonpolar bonds and molecules. It explains that polar covalent bonds result from unequal sharing of electrons between atoms of different electronegativity, while nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally. Whether a molecule is polar depends on both the bond polarity and molecular symmetry; asymmetric molecules with polar bonds are polar, while symmetric molecules or those with only nonpolar bonds are nonpolar.

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14 views20 pages

Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules 1

This document defines and distinguishes between polar and nonpolar bonds and molecules. It explains that polar covalent bonds result from unequal sharing of electrons between atoms of different electronegativity, while nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally. Whether a molecule is polar depends on both the bond polarity and molecular symmetry; asymmetric molecules with polar bonds are polar, while symmetric molecules or those with only nonpolar bonds are nonpolar.

Uploaded by

jillianemareecabalo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aim: What are Polar &

Nonpolar bonds and


Polar & Nonpolar
molecules?
Polar and Nonpolar Bonds
• There are two types of covalent bonds
• Nonpolar Covalent Bonds (equal share of electrons)
• Polar Covalent Bonds (unequal share of electrons)
Polar Covalent Bond

• A Polar Covalent Bond is unequal sharing of


electrons between two atoms (H-Cl)
• In a polar covalent bond, one atom typically has a
negative charge, and the other atom has a positive charge
Nonpolar Covalent Bond

• A Nonpolar Covalent Bond is an equal sharing of


electrons between two atoms (Cl-Cl, N-N, O-O)
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
The electronegativity (χ) of an element is the relative ability of an atom
to attract electrons to itself in a chemical compound and increases
diagonally from the lower left of the periodic table to the upper right.
Classification of Bonds
You can determine the type of bond between two atoms by calculating the
difference in electronegativity values between the elements
The bigger the electronegativity difference the more polar the bond.

Type of Bond Electronegativity


Difference
Nonpolar Covalent 0  0.4
Polar Covalent 0.5  1.9
Ionic 2.0  4.0
Practice
What type of bond is HCl? (H = 2.1, Cl = 3.1)
Difference = 3.1 – 2.1 = 1.0
Therefore it is polar covalent bond.

Your Turn To Practice


 N(3.0) and H(2.1)  Al(1.5) and Cl(3.0)
 H(2.1) and H(2.1)  Mg(1.2) and O(3.5)
 Ca(1.0) and Cl(3.0)  H(2.1) and F(4.0)
How to show a bond is polar
• Isn’t a whole charge just a partial charge
• d+ means a partially positive (less electronegative)
• d- means a partially negative (more electronegative)
d+ d-
H Cl
• The Cl pulls harder on the electrons
• The electrons spend more time near the Cl
Polar Molecules
• Molecules with a positive and a negative end
• Requires two things to be true
 The molecule must contain polar bonds
This can be determined from differences in
electronegativity.
Asymmetric molecule.
Symmetrical Molecules
• Because of symmetry, molecules that have polar bonds
are overall a nonpolar molecules (+ and – charges
cancel out or balance out)
• Examples:
• CO2 BF3

• CCl4
Asymmetrical Molecules
• If a molecule has polar bonds (and there is no
symmetry to cancel out + and – charges), the molecule
is polar.
• Examples:
• H2O HCl

• NH3
Dipole

When there is unequal sharing of electrons a dipole


exists
Dipole is a molecule that has two poles or regions
with opposite charges
A dipole is represented by a dipole
arrow pointing towards the more
negative end
Practice Drawing Dipoles

P- Br
P = 2.1 P –Br
+ -
Br = 2.8
Practice
 H(2.1) – S(2.5)
 F(4.0) - C(2.5)
 C(2.5) - Si(1.8)
 N(3.0) – O(3.5)
Is it Polar?

• HF

• H2 O

• NH3

• CF4

• CO2
Summary
• In a polar bond, one atom is more electronegative than the
other.
• In a nonpolar bond, both atoms have similar
electronegativities.
• An asymmetric molecule with polar bonds is a polar molecule.
• An asymmetric molecule with nonpolar bonds is a nonpolar
molecule.
• A symmetric molecule, regardless of the polarity of the bonds,
is always a nonpolar molecule.

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