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Lecture 4

This document summarizes key topics from a lecture on introductory circuit analysis including phasors, average power in AC networks, and power factor. The key points are: 1) Phasors provide an easier method for adding sinusoids compared to graphical addition and allow applying Kirchhoff's laws to AC circuits. 2) Average power delivered to a load is the same whether calculated from instantaneous or RMS values as long as the circuit is purely resistive. 3) Power factor is the ratio of real power to apparent power, where a power factor of 1 indicates a purely resistive load and lower power factors indicate more reactive loads.

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13 views

Lecture 4

This document summarizes key topics from a lecture on introductory circuit analysis including phasors, average power in AC networks, and power factor. The key points are: 1) Phasors provide an easier method for adding sinusoids compared to graphical addition and allow applying Kirchhoff's laws to AC circuits. 2) Average power delivered to a load is the same whether calculated from instantaneous or RMS values as long as the circuit is purely resistive. 3) Power factor is the ratio of real power to apparent power, where a power factor of 1 indicates a purely resistive load and lower power factors indicate more reactive loads.

Uploaded by

abdullahzahid197
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 4

Chapter 14 Introductory Circuit Analysis (Boylestad)


Lecture Outcomes
• Understanding Phasors
• Understanding Average Power in AC networks
• Understanding Power Factor in AC networks
Addition of Two Sinusoids
• Figure represents two sinusoids

• Two signals can be added graphically.


Note, that peak value of the addition
results in summation of the two signals.
• This method for a time varying signal is
tedious and may lead to errors. As
shown in the next figure.
• An easier method is to use phasors.
Addition of Two Sinusoids
• Assume two sinusoidal functions with a phase
difference of .
• The sinusoidal functions can be expressed in
phasor form as:

• The phasor forms can be vector summed as


represented in the diagram.

• This result can be expressed in time domain as:


Example
• Find the sum of the following sinusoidal functions:

• Using phasor method


• Using graphical method
• Solution:
• In phasor form

• Summation results in
RMS Representation
• As the AC network is always represented in RMS values.
• The phasor representation is redefined for RMS. The frequency of the
sinusoidal function is not represented.
Time Domain Phasor Domain

• Similarly, write time domain functions for the given phasor domain
representations. The AC power frequency is 50Hz.
Phasor Domain Time Domain
Application of KVL in AC Networks
• Calculate the input AC voltage of the circuit shown in figure. Frequency of
60Hz.

• Solution:
• We can now apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law

• Node voltages can be written in phasor formats as:


Application of KCL in AC Networks
• Determine the current for the circuit shown in
figure and draw the waveform.

Solution:
• From KCL

• In Phasor format
Application of KCL in AC Networks

• The branch current is computed as


Application of KCL in AC Networks
• From graph, resistance dominates the
branch with current .
• Capacitance dominates the branch
with current .
• Overall total current is a combination
of the both with leading current with
a phase angle of .
Lecture Outcomes
• Understanding Phasors
• Understanding Average Power in AC networks
• Understanding Power Factor in AC networks
Average Power
• For the circuit shown in figure.
• With sinusoidal energization, for positive half
cycle the current flows in one direction from
source to load dissipating power in the
resistance as shown in figure.
• For negative half cycle the current reverses its
direction. However, the flow of current
through the resistance still dissipated power in
the load.
• Thus, there is continuous supply of power
from source to load.
• This phenomenon is represented in the figure.
Average Power
• If we compute power for one complete cycle
from instantaneous values. The power curve is
shown in figure.
• Note that the power curve is always above the
horizontal axis, meaning power is being
delivered from source to load.
• Negative power curve means power is absorbed
into the source and is delivered by the load.
• Note that power curve has twice the frequency
compared to the applied voltage source.
• The average power delivered to the load is equal
Average Power
• From previous equation, we can substitute the RMS values of voltage
and current to compute average power.

• Note that the average power equation is the same for DC networks, if
we deal with RMS values.
• Above analysis was for purely resistive networks.
Instantaneous Power
• As shown in figure, we apply a voltage source with
some phase angle to a combinational network of R, L
and C.
• The voltage and current expressions are:

• Power delivered at each instant is given as:

• From trigonometry we know:


Instantaneous Power

• Therefore, the power is expressed as

• The first portion of the equation has no time dependence.


Means power is delivered from source to load.
Instantaneous Power
• The second portion of the equation has twice the
frequency of the voltage and current .
• Integrating over one time period results in no net
power delivered from source to load.
• Figure shows the instantaneous plot for power
transfer.
Real or Average Power
• If we define the phase difference between voltage and current . The
power equation can be rewritten as:

• In RMS terms we can rewrite.

• This is the real power delivered from the source to the load.
Independent of the time varying source.
• As . The above equation is independent whether v leads or lags i.
• Real power delivered to the circuit is measured in Watts (W)
Real Power Delivered to a Resistor
• In a purely resistive circuit. Voltage and Current are in phase.
Real Power Delivered to an Inductor
• In a purely inductive circuit, voltage leads the current by .

• Power dissipated by ideal inductor is 0 watts.


Real Power Delivered to a Capacitor
• In a purely capacitive circuit, voltage lags the current by .

• Power dissipated by ideal capacitor is 0 watts.


Example
• Find the average power dissipated in a network whose input current
and voltage are following:

• Also find the value of the component attached in the network.


• Solution:
• Since voltage and current are in phase, the circuit seems purely
resistive.

• The resistance can be computed as


Example
• Find the average power dissipated in a network whose input current
and voltage are following:

• Solution:
• The circuit seems a combinational network of R, L and C components.
Example
• Find the average power dissipated in a network whose input current
and voltage are following:

• Solution:
• The circuit seems a combinational network of R, L and C components.
Lecture Outcomes
• Understanding Phasors
• Understanding Average Power in AC networks
• Understanding Power Factor in AC networks
Power Factor
• The factor that has significant control over delivered power
level is
• If

• If

• The expression
• The two diagrams represent same current flow. The more
resistive the network is higher the power factor close to 1.
• The more reactive the total impedance the power factor is
close to 0.
• Often power factor is written as leading or lagging for
Example
• Determine the power factor of the load presented
in the diagram.
Example
• Determine the power factor of the load presented
in the diagram.
Example
• Determine the power factor of the load presented in the
diagram.

• Since angles are not given we have to follow the basic equation.

• Therefore, the PF is neither leading nor lagging and the load is a


resistive load.

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