TRANSITOR

GROUP 4
Lê Công Quân
Nguyễn Lương Phúc
Lê Vương Quốc
Lương Duy Phát
Hoàng Văn Lộc
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I. Introduction to transistors
II. Structure of transistor
III. Classification of transistors
IV. Operating principle of
Transistor
V. Application of transiors in
electrical circuits
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1. Introduction to
transistors
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1. Introduction to transistors

Transistor is a type of active semiconductor device, often

used as an amplifier element or an electronic switch.
The name Transistor is a compound word in English of
"Transfer" and "resistor", meaning switching resistor , named
by John R. Pierce in 1948 after its birth. It implied that
amplification was achieved through resistive switching, as
opposed to electronic tube amplification that controlled
current through the tube that was popular at that time.
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The transistor was invented in 1947 at Bell

Laboratories by John Bardeen, Walter
Houser Brattain, and William Bradford
Shockley Jr. The transistor replaced the
triode in amplifiers and other electronic
devices. In 1956, the research team
received the Nobel Prize in Physics for
this invention. Today, transistors are an
indispensable part of most electronic
devices.
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Structure of transistor
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2.Structure of transistor

The transistor consists of three semiconductor layers joined

together to form two PN junctions. If put together in PNP
order, we get a forward transistor, if put together in NPN
order, we get a reverse transistor. In terms of structure, the
Transistor is equivalent to two Diodes connected in opposite
directions.
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 The three semiconductor layers are connected into three

terminals, the middle layer is called the base terminal,
denoted B (Base), the semiconductor layer B is very thin
and has a low impurity concentration.
 The two outer semiconductor layers are connected to form
an emitter (Emitter), abbreviated as E, and a collector or
collector (Collector). Abbreviated as C, semiconductor
regions E and C have the same type of semiconductor (N
or P type) but have different sizes and impurity
concentrations so they cannot be interchanged.
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3. Classification of transistors
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3.1 Transistor NPN

The NPN transistor has a 3-legged structure

with symbols E, B, C as above, with 3 inverse
layers N-P-N with the B pole corresponding to
the P connection in the middle, the E pole and
the C pole corresponding to the N connection
located on both sides
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3.2 Transitor PNP

The structure is similar to NPN, also including 3
terminals E, B and C, however, the PNP transistor
combines 3 different semiconductor components,
in the correct order P-N-P

In particular, pole B (base) is in the middle,

corresponding to the N semiconductor layer, E
pole (emitter) and C pole (collector) are on both
sides, corresponding to the P semiconductor
layer. The current will flow. in E through B out C.
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4. Operating principle of Transistor

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4. Operating principle of Transistor

When considering the operation of
• We supply a one-way source to the two poles C and E. In the NPN transistor according to the
which (+) is the source to pole C, (-) is the source to pole E.
• The unidirectional power supply goes through the switch and
diagram:
limits the current to the two poles B and E, in which the (+)
pole goes to pin B and the (-) pole goes to pin E.
• When the switch is open, we see that although the two poles
C and E are energized, there is still no current flowing
through, at this time the current = 0.
• When the switch is closed, the P - N connection is forward
biased, then there is current flowing from the (+) source
through the switch to the current limiter R and through the BE
connection to the (-) pole, forming the current.
• As soon as the line appears, the line immediately flows
through the CE connection, causing the light bulb to glow. At
that time, the line is many times stronger than the line.
 So clearly the line completely depends on the line, then the
formula is:
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- When electricity is present, electrons and holes cannot

cross the P-N junction to form an electric current. When
current appears, the P semiconductor layer at the pole is very
thin and the doping concentration is low, so the electric
current Free electrons from the small semiconductor layer
among those electrons substitute for holes, forming current.
The majority of the remaining electrons are attracted to the
C pole under the effect of the voltage , creating a current
flowing through the transistor.
- Regarding the operation of PNP: Transistor PNP has the
same operation as transistor NPN but the polarity of the
power sources and are opposite. The line goes from E to C
and the line goes from E to B.
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5. Application of transiors in electrical

circuits
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5. Application of transiors in electrical circuits

Transistors are fundamental components in

electronic circuits, serving a variety of
purposes. They are semiconductor devices that
can amplify signals, switch them on or off, or
act as voltage regulators. Their versatility and
efficiency make them indispensable in modern
electronics. Let's delve into the detailed uses of
transistors in circuits:
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5.1 Amplification:

Sound amplifier circuits

using transistors
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5.2 Switching:

Transistors can act as

electrical switches,
switching between on
and off. This is
commonly used in
digital electronic
circuits, such as logic
circuits, memory, and
control applications.
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5.3 Frequency modulation

Transistors can act as electrical

switches, switching between
on and off. This is commonly
used in digital electronic
circuits, such as logic circuits,
memory, and control
applications.
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5.4 Multi-stage amplification:

Multiple transistors can be

combined to form multi-
level amplification circuits,
improving amplification
capacity and signal quality.
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5.5 Control circuits

In control and automation

circuits, transistors are often
used to control other devices
such as motors, lamps, and
other devices.
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5.6 Sensor circuits

In sensing applications, transistors

are often integrated to convert
variations into electrical signals,
helping to measure and control
various parameters such as
temperature, light, and pressure.
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5.7 Oscillator circuits

Transistors can be used to

generate oscillating signals,
which are needed in
applications such as clocks,
chronometers, and wave-
forming circuits.
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5.8 Power supply circuits

In power circuits,
transistors are often used
to control and regulate the
current, helping to
provide a stable power
supply to other electronic
devices.
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In summary, transistors are versatile

electronic components with diverse
applications in amplification, switching,
voltage regulation, oscillation, signal
modulation and signal processing. Their
compact size, efficiency and reliability
make them indispensable in the design and
operation of modern electronic circuits
across a wide range of industries and
applications.
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