CE-431: IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

Course ID: CE-431

Credit Hours: 3+1
Contact Hours: 3+3
CE-431 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING: AS APPROVED
 Introduction: Definition and types of irrigation. Merits and demerits of irrigation, Indus basin
irrigation system.
 Water Resources: Planning and development of water resources projects. Water resources in Pakistan.
 Canal Irrigation: Elementary concept about canal head works, selection of their site and layout, weirs
and barrages, various components and functions. Measures adopted to control silt entry into canals, silt
ejectors and silt excluders. Design of weirs on permeable foundations, sheet piles and well foundations,
cut off walls. Design of irrigation channels, Kennedy’s and Lacey’s theories. Rational methods for
design of irrigation channels. Comparison of various methods. Computer Aided design of irrigation
channels.
 Irrigation Works: Canal head regulators, falls, meter flumes, canal outlets. Cross drainage works:
types and functions. Canal lining: advantages and types. Maintenance of irrigation canals.
 Irrigated Agriculture: Water requirements of crops, duty of irrigation water. Delta of crops,
consumptive use, estimation of consumptive use, methods used for assessment of irrigation water.
Irrigation methods and practices. Management of irrigation systems, various approaches, participatory
irrigation management.
 Water logging and salinity: Definition, field capacity, wilting point, hygroscopic moisture etc. Causes
and effects of water logging, reclamation of water logged soils. Drains and tube wells. Causes and
effects of salinity and alkalinity of lands in Pakistan. Reclamation methods. Drainage network in
irrigated areas.
 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
Text Books:
 Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures: Theory, Design and
Practice, 4th ed, 2010. By Dr. Iqbal Ali

 Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures, 14th

ed. By S.K. Garg
 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
Reference Books
 Manual of Irrigation Practice (MIP), Vol –
I, (Revised 2017), and Vol. II (updated 2019)
(https://pmo-pb.gop.pk/pages/publicdocuments.php?startLimit=0 )

 Hydraulic Structures, 4th ed.

 By Novak, P., Moffat, I.B. and Nalluri
 Irrigation Water management: Principles and
Practice By Majumdar, Dilip Kumar
 FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No 56
By Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
INTRODUCTION
 Definition of Irrigation:

“Artificial application of water on an agricultural land for the assured growth

of plant life” (Priyani, 1979).

“Science of Artificial Application of Water to the land, in accordance to the

‘crop requirements’, through out the ‘crop period’ for full fledge nourishment
of crop” (GARG, 1999)

“Irrigation is the art of applying water to the land by artificial means to fulfill
the water requirement of crops in the areas where rainfall is insufficient.” (Iqbal
Ali, 2010)

 Rainfed Agriculture vs. Irrigated Agriculture?

 Why Irrigation?
 WHY IRRIGATION?
Population Explosion (Global Scenario)

Population is increasing very

fast

22-2-2020 Estimated Population = 7.847 Billion Ref: https://www.worldometers.info/

WHY IRRIGATION? (Contd..)
Problem with less developed countries

MILESTONES:

8 Billion: 2024

7 Billion: 2011
6 Billion: 1999
5 Billion: 1987
4 Billion: 1974
3 Billion: 1960
The increase is more severe for less developed countries 2 Billion: 1927
1 Billion: 1804
http://web.ornl.gov/sci/knowledgediscovery/QDR/water/WorldPop_Current_Landscan2007.png
 WHY IRRIGATION IS REQUIRED?


Non-Uniform Rainfall

Sometimes rainfall is sufficient but non-uniform with time and place. Like Monsoon season
etc.

Augmentation of crop yield

New high yielding varieties have higher water requirement. e.g sugarcane and rice need more
water.

Exacting water requirement

High yielding varieties need exact amount of water. Excessive water lead to lesser yield

Cash Crop Cultivation

Cash crops require higher and assured supply of water with frequent water for maturity

Assured Water Supply

Right amount of water at right time is a key to For successful farming.

Orchards and Gardens

Fruit trees in orchards and gardens have higher requirement of water.
Scarce WATER:
Water Stress: withdrawal-to-availability ratio

Severe
Water
Stress

Growth of demand and competition

http://web.ornl.gov/sci/knowledgediscovery/QDR/water/av_water_by_basin_current.png
 SHIP IN ARAL SEA, KAZAKHISTAN

Originally
68,000 km2 in 1960,
shrink to 10% of its
original in 1997

By Staecker - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=365757

WATER AVAILABILITY per CAPITA vis-a-vis POPULATION

6000 270

240
5260 POPULATION 234
5000
GROWTH 200.8
3

224
PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY (M)

Million 209 216 210

PER CAPITA 198

Population (Million)
4000 4159 AVAILIBILITY
180 180

3000 150
143
2838
120
2000
2129 111

896 m3/capita 90
84 1611
1000 1259
63 1032 909 769 60
861 833 804
34
43
0 30
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2014 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
YEAR

Source:
Population: Population Census Organization Pakistan
Water Availability: 180 BCM
15
WHY IRRIGATION? (Contd.)
To mitigate effects of water shortage
Reliable Irrigation is necessary

Drought

Temporal and spatial variability of water

 WATER USE FOR IRRIGATION NEED TO BE RATIONALIZED
Current IRRIGATION WITHDRAWLS ARE not sustainable

High-Income Global Low and Medium

Countries Income Countries
11%
8%
30% 8%
10%
23%

69%

82%
59%

Agricultural Use
Variation in Sector-wise water demand Domestic Use
Industrial Use
 Forecast of Demands by sectors

Sectoral demands increasing and new demands emerging

such as for environmental and river maintenance
 MERITS & DEMERITS OF IRRIGATION
MERITS OF IRRIGATION DEMERITS OF IRRIGATION
 Provision of water when and where  Cost & Labor Intensive
needed  Water Logging and Salinity
 Assured Water Supply
 Right amount of water at right time is a key to For
 Water Born Diseases (malaria, dengue,
successful farming. etc)
 Enhanced crop yield  Water Quality Issues due to lowqulity
 Exacting water requirement during return water to rivers/water bodies
floods and droughts  Land-use changes from Forest to Farm
 Cash Crop & Orchards Cultivation land, resulting in loss of habitat for
 Hydropower Power, recreation, Flood forest animals
Protection as secondary output of  Environmental issues (sediment
irrigation reservoirs deposition, erosion, impact on fisheries
 Reducing Unemployment and impact on floodplain agriculture,
 Economic contribution towards due to large scale irrigation reservoirs
countries GDP
Further study:
https://www.civilengineeringterms.com/water-resources-irrigation-engi
Water Sphere as
compared to EARTH
Sphere
The biggest blue sphere: it is all
the water on our planet,
including the one that is inside
the bodies of plants and animals
and people. The diameter of the
sphere is 1,384 kilometers, and
its volume is 1.386 billion
cubic kilometers.

Smaller volume Sphere: – a

liquid fresh water in all the rivers,
lakes, wetlands and groundwater.
Its volume – 0.010 billion cubic
kilometers.

A tiny blue dot: – this is fresh

water of all the lakes and rivers
on the planet, which amounts to
0.093 million cubic kilometres.
REF: HTTP://WWW.CADMUSJOURNAL.ORG/NODE/348
HISTORY
 HISTORY OF IRRIGATION
 It was only during the Holocene epoch (10,000
years ago) that the development of agriculture
occurred, keeping in mind that the Earth and solar
system are 4.6 billion years old

 Only in the past 9,000 to 10,000 years have

humans discovered how to raise crops and tame
animals
This frieze (c. 2000 B.C.E. ) depicts
 The first successful efforts to control the flow of
Egyptians using water from the Nile
water were made in Mesopotamia and Egypt,
where the remains of the prehistoric irrigation works
River for irrigation.
still exist

 In ancient Egypt, the construction of canals was a

major endeavour of the pharaohs and their
servants
HISTORY OF IRRIGATION
 The Sumerians (~2500 BC) in southern Mesopotamia* built city walls and temples and
dug canals that were the world's first engineering works.

 It is also of interest that these people, from the beginning of recorded history, fought
over water rights

 The Assyrians (~1000 BC) also developed extensive public works. Sargon II, invading
Armenia in 714 B.C.E. , discovered the qanat (Arabic name) or karaiz (Persian name),
which is a tunnel used to bring water from an underground source in the hills down to
the foothills. Sargon destroyed the area in Armenia but brought the concept back to
Assyria for irrigation

 Sophisticated irrigation and storage systems were also developed by the Indus
Valley Civilization in present-day Pakistan and North India, including the reservoirs
at Girnar in 3000 BCE and an early canal irrigation system from Circa 2600 BCE

* Mesopotamia, is Greek word which means for "the land between the rivers."
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

 Flourished along Indus river (2500

BCE to 19 BCE)
 Water supply through wells, and
storage tanks
 Water drainage through covered
drains.
Great bath of Mohenjo Daro

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation_of_the_Indus_Valley_Ci
vilisation
QANAT OR KARAIZ

Karaiz: A system of tunnels used

to bring water from an underground
source in the hills down to the foothills.

 Developed by Armenian
 Asyrian (Mesopotamia) Ruler
Saragon Destroyed it in Armenia
and brought it to Asyria in 715 BC
 Spread in Africa, and Persia
 Still in use in Pakistan, Afghanistan,
Iran

Ref: Hydraulic Design Hand Book by Larry W Mays

HISTORY OF IRRIGATION

An example of irrigation system common

in Indian subcontinent. Artistic impression
on the banks of Dal Lake, Kashmir, India.

Animal-powered irrigation, Upper

Egypt, ca. 1840
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Irrigation system consists of


Storage or diversion

Conveyance of irrigation water

Distribution and application of irrigation water

Drainage of excess water
 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM


Storage or diversion


Dams


Headworks / Barrages / Weirs

Headwork: Headwork is a combination of weir or barrage and canal head

regulator. Barrage is a part of Headwork.
 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Storage or diversion

Tarbela Dam: Earth and Rockfill Dam

Mangla Dam: Earthfill

 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Storage or diversion
Munawar tawi

Jammu tawi

MR Link Canal
UCC

Maralla headworks
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Storage or diversion
Nara Canal
North West Canal
Khairpur East Canal
Rice Canal
Rohi Canal
Dadu Canal
Khairpur West Canal
 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Storage or diversion
TAUNSA BARRAGE JINNAH BARRAGE

ISLAM BARRAGE BALLOKI BARRAGE

KOTRI BARRAGE
GHAZI BARRAGE DURING CONSTRUCTION
 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Conveyance of irrigation water
 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Conveyance of irrigation water

Chashma Right Bank Canal

Watercourses
 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Distribution and application of irrigation water

Warabandi is a rotational method for equitable distribution of the available water
in an irrigation system by turns fixed according to predetermined schedule
specifying the day, time and duration of supply to each irrigator in proportion to size
of his land holding in the outlet command.(Singh 1981, Malhotra 1982)

Pakka Watercourse Pakka Nakka

 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Distribution and application of irrigation water

Surface Irrigation system: Flooding Furrow Irrigation system

 Contour plantation
 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Distribution and application of irrigation water

Drip Irrigation system Bubble Irrigation System

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GrBM40wx84
 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Distribution and application of irrigation water

Sprinkler irrigation system

 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Distribution and application of irrigation water

Central Pivotal Irrigation system

 Pivot irrigation,
Saudi Arabia:
Center pivot
irrigation systems
are ~0.6 mi (1
km) in diameter.

A –ve impact is
groundwater
depletion from
deep aquifers
and to further
desertification.
Water reserves
are finite.
48
 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Drainage of excess water

Tile Drain

Ditching Channelized Stream

Flooded crop land

 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Drainage of excess water
Natural Riparian Buffer

Raise Stream Bank

Lower Water Table

Unchannelized
Stream Channelized
Stream
IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY
WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENT UNITS

• Electric Conductivity (EC):

• EC is expressed as
mho/cm or Siemens/cm (Siemens
is now standard unit of
conductance in SI, and
1 Siemen =1 mho
 WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENT UNITS
IONS Equivalent
 Concentration of Ions in weight can be weight in gms
expressed in weight (gm) per liter of
Cations:
water Calcium C++ 20.04
Magnesium Mg++ 12.16
 Concentration of Ions in weight can
also be expressed in Sodium Na + 23.00
Potassium K+ 39.10
milli equivalent / liter (m. eq./l)
Anions:
Carbonate CO3- - 30.00
Bicarbonate HCO3- 61.00
 10 m. eq./l of Na+ means 10/1000 gms Sulphate SO4- - 48.03
of equivalent weight of Na+ (table) Chloride Cl - 35.46

= 10/1000* 23 gms / liter, or

= 230 mg of Na+ in one liter of water
 WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENT UNITS
 Parts per million (ppm)
 Concentration of salts by weight (mg) in a certain
weight of solution (kg)

 For solutions having specific gravity equal to 1 (e.g.

water having 1 liter = 1000 gm),
the milli. eq. / liter = m. eq. / 1000 gm of water
= m. eq. per / kg
 parts per million (ppm).
PPM VS CONDUCTIVITY
 CONSTITUENTS OF IRRIGATION WATER
 Major Nutrients:  Sodium & excess Potassium are
injurious to plant and reduces soil
 Primary: Nitrogen, permeability`
phosphorous, potassium, and  Excess Calcium and Magnesium are
 Secondary: Calcium, not hazardous rather improve soil
magnesium and sulphar permeability.
 Micronutrients:  Excess Nitrogen improves Fruit size
 Chloride and Sulphates are injurious
 Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
to plant
iron, zinc, manganese, boron,  Water with nitrates and bicarbonate of
copper calcium and magnesium is good for
irrigation

Tables 2.5, 2.6 in Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures by Iqbal Ali,

provide classification of irrigation water from excellent to
hazardous, with respect to salts in water
In Pakistan (& also by USGS):

Water with Total Dissolved Salt (TDS) content upto 1000 ppm is considered fit for crops (Freshwater).

Water with TDS 1000 ppm to 3000 ppm is called marginal water and is to be used after mixing with fresh water, and if

Water has more TDS than 3000 ppm salts, water is hazardous.
GW QUALITY IN IRRIGATED AREA OF PAKISTAN
WATER RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN &
ITS MANAGEMENT
WATER RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN:
The water resources available for irrigated
agriculture in Pakistan consist of:

1. Rainfall
(falling directly on cultivated areas)
2. Surface Water

3. Ground Water
WATER RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN:
1. Rainfall
 Monsoon and westerly disturbances are two main weather systems that
contribute to the rainfall in Pakistan.
 ANNUAL RAINFALL OF PAKISTAN

The average annual

rainfall of
Pakistan is
approximately
490 mm Ref
Aquastat (2020),
it varied between
400-500 mm in
year 1996-2006.

Nearly two-third is
received in the
Kharif (summer),
while the rest in
Rabi (winter)
season.
 ANNUAL RAINFALL VARIATION (1901-2008) & 10 YEARS MOVING AVERAGE

Ref: Climate Change Indicators of Pakistan, Pakistan Meteorological Department Technical Report No. PMD 22/2009, by Qamar
uz Zaman, Atif Mehmood, Ghulam Rasool, and M Afzaal
RAINFALL

 Total annual average rainfall over Indus basin amounts to about 40

MAF, 60% of which approximately falls on the cultivable command
areas.
 Not all rain contributes to crop growth.

 Direct Contribution to Crops is estimated as 6 maf (Iqbal Ali, 2010)

 Agricultural Seasons in Pakistan: Rabi (Oct-Mar), Kharif (Apr-Sep)

 Rain Season in Pakistan: Monsoon (July- Sep)

WATER RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN:
2. Surface Water
Pakistan receives surface water mainly through a network of Indus River
System.
The major contribution is from rain fall and snowmelt in the river
catchments.

According to Indus Basin Treaty (1960)

 Rights of water for Beas, Sutlej & Ravi Rivers lies with India
 Pakistan has rights of water use of Indus, Chenab & Jehlum Rivers.

 The water for irrigation to canal commands off-taking from Ravi & Sutlej
rivers is provided through inter-river link canals
WATER RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN:
Post Tarbela means after1976
Average Annual Inflows to the Indus Basin
Source Kharif(MAF) Rabi(MAF) Annual(MAF)
Historic 76.65 13.59 90.24
Indus
Post Tarbela 75.13 15.22 90.35
Historic 17.69 4.42 22.11
Jehlum
Post Tarbela 18.06 5.07 23.13
Historic 20.59 3.89 24.48
Chenab
Post Tarbela 22.38 4.77 27.15

Eastern Rivers Historic 8.85 1.36 10.21

(Ravi & Satluj) Post Tarbela 6.41 1.76 8.17
Historic 123.78 23.26 147.04
Total Inflows Post Tarbela 148.8
(avg. 1976- 121.98 26.82 (145 avg. of
2000) 1976-2013)
SURFACE WATER
Annual average
inflow
145 MAF (180 BCM)

Diverted to Canals System Losses Evaporation

Percolation
101 - 103 MAF (130 BCM) 10 MAF (12 BCM) Conveyance

Conveyance losses
40 MAF (50 BCM)

Water available at farm

gate 4 MAF Evaporation
61 MAF (75 BCM) 36 MAF Percolation

Flowing to sea
1/3rd Plant (ET)
1/3rd Percolation 30 MAF (40 BCM)
Average Percolation per year ≈ 60 MAF
1/3rd Evaporation
Average Water in Indus Basin Pakistan
All values in BCM (Billion m3)

Note: 1 BCM = 0.81 MAF

Ref:
Young, William J., Arif Anwar, Tousif Bhatti, Edoardo Borgomeo, Stephen
Davies, William R. Garthwaite III, E. Michael Gilmont, Christina Leb, Lucy
Lytton, Ian Makin, and Basharat Saeed. 2019. “Pakistan: Getting More
from Water.” Water Security Diagnostic. World Bank, Washington, DC.

BCM MAF
170 137.7
125 101.3
80 64.8
68 55.1
62 50.2
41 33.2
32 25.9
30 24.3
27 21.9
22 17.8
13 10.5
11 8.9
6 4.9
4 3.2
3 2.4
RESERVOIR STORAGE & LOSS DUE TO
SEDIMENTATION (MAF)
STORAGE
LIVE STORAGE CAPACITY
RESERVOIR LOSS
ORIGINAL YEAR 2015 YEAR 2015

9.69
TARBELA 6.4 3.29 (34%)
(1974)

5.86 4.6+2.88 = 7.48

MANGLA (1967) 7.4 1.26 (21%)
(2012)

0.87
CHASHMA 0.34 0.53 (60%)
(1971)

17.89
TOTAL 16.42 14.06 5.01 (31%)
(2012)

75
 Annual Fluctuations in River Inflows (1976-2012)

200
Inflow
180 MAF
Average
160

140

120
Flow, MAF

100

80

60

40

20

0
7 6 7 8 8 0 8 2 8 4 8 6 8 8 9 0 9 2 9 4 9 6 9 8 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 0 1 2
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
Years
 Seasonal Variation of River Flows

600

500
Discharge ( 000 Cusecs )

400

300

200

100

0
June
April

October
August

February
December
Month
Jehlum Chenab Indus Total
 INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
OUTFLOW TO SEA BELOW KOTRI DURING POST-TARBELA PERIOD
Outflow Below
Year
100 Kotri (MAF)

91.82
1976-77 69.08
1977-78 30.39
90 1978-79 80.59

81.49
1979-80 29.81

80.59
1980-81 20.10
80 1981-82 33.79
1982-83 9.68
69.08

1983-84 45.91
1984-85 29.55
Outflows to Sea Below Kotri (MAF)

70

62.76
1985-86 10.98
1986-87 26.90
1987-88 17.53

54.53
60 1988-89 52.86

53.29
52.86
1989-90 17.22
1990-91 42.34
45.91

45.40
50 1991-92 53.29

42.34
1992-93 81.49
1993-94 29.11

35.15
40 1994-95 91.82
33.79

1995-96 62.76
30.39

29.81

29.55

29.11
1996-97 45.40
26.90

Average 30.2 MAF 1997-98 20.79

30

24.54
1998-99 35.15

21.72
20.79

20.19
20.10

1999-00 8.83
17.53

17.22

2000-01 0.77

15.84
20

14.12
2001-02 1.93
10.98

2002-03 2.37
9.68

8.83
2003-04 20.19

6.01
5.82
10 2004-05 0.29

4.07
2.37
1.93
2005-06 24.54

0.77

0.29
2006-07 21.72
0 2007-08 15.84
2008-09 5.82
1976-77
1977-78
1978-79
1979-80
1980-81
1981-82
1982-83
1983-84
1984-85
1985-86
1986-87
1987-88
1988-89
1989-90
1990-91
1991-92
1992-93
1993-94
1994-95
1995-96
1996-97
1997-98
1998-99
1999-00
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
2009-10 4.07
2010-11 54.53
Year 2011-12 14.12
2012-13 6.01
Average 30.20
WATER RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN:

3. Ground Water
 Important resource for
 Irrigation
 Domestic &
 Industrial water supplies

 In the Indus plain, about 25 millions acres (10 Mha) are underlain by
USABLE groundwater. The remaining area is underlain by highly saline
unusable groundwater.

 Average annual recharge to the groundwater system of the Indus plain is

about 45 MAF.

 The ground water pumpage (through over 1 million tubewells) varies

largely depending upon the canal water supplies.
MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES
 Major Players:
 IRSA, WAPDA, Provincial Irrigation Deptt
 Water Allocation: through 1991 accord
 Provincial Irrigation Indent to IRSA
 Distribution at Canal Command
IBIS
 INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Irrigated agriculture in
Pakistan is confined primarily
to the Indus Plains.

 As a result of extensive
developments, Pakistan now
possesses the world’s largest
contiguous irrigation system
commonly called the Indus
Basin Irrigation System
(IBIS).

Indus basin
HISTORY OF IRRIGATION IN PAKISTAN
19th Century


Controlled year round irrigation began in 1859 with the completion of the
Upper Bari Doab Canal (UBDC) from Madhopur Headworks on Ravi River
(now in India) .


UBDC was followed by Sirhind Canal from Rupar Headworks on Sutlej in
1872 (also in India).


Sidhnai Canal from Sidhnai Barrage on Ravi in 1886.


The Lower Chenab from Khanki on Chenab in 1892, and Lower Jhelum from
Rasul on Jhelum in 1901 was constructed


Lower and Upper Swat, Kabul River and Paharpur Canals in KPK (NWFP)
were completed between 1885 to 1914.
 Sirhind
UBDC
Canal
85
HISTORY OF IRRIGATION IN PAKISTAN
20th Century

TRIPLE CANAL PROJECT (1907-15)


Ravi River, serving a large area of Bari Doab, was deficient in
supply while Jhelum had a surplus.


An innovative solution was developed in the form of the Triple
Canal Project, constructed during 1907 -1915.

The project linked the Jhelum, Chenab, and Ravi rivers, allowing a transfer of
surplus Jhelum and Chenab water to the Ravi.


The Triple Canal Project as a land-mark in integrated inter-basin water resources
management and also provided the key concept for the resolution of the Indus
Waters Dispute between India and Pakistan in 1960.
HISTORY OF IRRIGATION IN PAKISTAN
20th Century

 The Sutlej Valley Project, comprising of 4 barrages and 2 canals, was

completed in 1933, resulting in the development of the unregulated flow
resources of the Sutlej River and motivated planning for the Bhakra reservoir
(now in India).

 During the same period, the Sukkur Barrage and its system of 7 canals serving
2.95 million hectares of land in Lower Indus were completed.

 Haveli and Rangpur from Trimmu Headworks on Chenab in 1939 and Thal
Canal from Kalabagh Headworks on Indus were completed in 1947.

 This comprised the system inherited by Pakistan at the time of its creation in
1947.
 During 1900-1962, the headworks / barrages constructed in Indus Plains comprised:
 Rasul on Jhelum (1901); Marala on Chenab (1912); Balloki on Ravi (1913); Ferozpur on Sutlej (1928); Suleimanki on Sutlej (1926); Islam on Sutlej
(1927); Panjnad on Chenab (1932); Sukkur on Indus (1932); Trimmu on Chenab (1939); Kalabagh on Indus (1943/1946); Kotri on Indus (1955);
Taunsa on Indus (1958); and Guddu on Indus (1962) (Ref: Izhar ul Haq’s Paper no 709, Pak Engg Congress.).
 INDUS BASIN TREATY (1960)
 At independence (1947) the irrigation system, conceived originally as a whole,
was divided between India and Pakistan without regard to irrigated boundaries

 This resulted in the creation of an international water dispute in 1948, which

was finally resolved by the enforcement of Indus Waters Treaty in 1960 with
the help of the World Bank

 The treaty assigned three eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India, and the
three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan, with limited non-
consumptive use rights to India for Jhelum, Chenab rivers

Get copy of Indus Basin Treaty: Ref: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-

1105737253588/IndusWatersTreaty1960.pdf
INDUS BASIN PROJECTS

DAMS

i) Terbela on River Indus

ii) Mangla on River Jhehlum

NEW BARRAGES

i) Chashma Barrage on River Indus

ii) New Rasul Barrage on River Jhehlum

iii) New Marala Barrage on River Chenab

iv) Qadirabad Barrage on River Chenab

v) New Sidhnai Barrage on River Ravi

vi) Mailsi Syphon on River Sutlej

 INDUS BASIN PROJECTS
NEW LINK CANALS

i) Chashma Jhelum Link (C-J Link)

ii) Taunsa Panjnad Link (T-P Link)

iii) Rasul Qadirabad Link (R-Q Link)

iv) Qadirabad Balloki Link (Q-B Link)

v) Balloki Sulemanki Link II (B-S Link II)

vi) Trimmu Sidhnai Link (T-S Link)

vii) Sidhnai – Mailsi – Bahawal Link (S-M-B Link)

OLD BARRAGES REMODELLED

i) Trimmu Barrage

ii) Balloki Barrage

Capacity of Large Canals (Discharge in Cusecs)
Canal Design capacity Existing capacity (2015)
UJC 12600 8500
UCC 19000 16500
RQ Link Canal 22000 19000
QB Link Canal 25000 22000
BS Link Canal 24500 23000
TS Link Canal 12500 11000
SMB Link 11500 11300
Haveli 5200 4000
D.G Khan 8900 8000
Total: 141200 123300
92
INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
S.No Item Quantity

Storage Reservoirs:
1. Number 3
Live Capacity (Designed) 19.3 BCM (15.7 MAF)

2. Barrages/Headworks/Syphons 23

Main Irrigation Canals:

Numbers 45
3. Commands Areas 14.2 Million hactre (35Million Acre)
Length Including Distribution 60,800 km (38,000 miles)
system

Watercourses:
107,000
4. Number (Approximate)
1.6 million km (1 million miles)
Length (Approximate)
Schematic Diagram of the Pakistani Indus Basin System

03/14/2024 98
 Indus S.N: 08
Tarbela Jhelum
Mangla Chenab
Kabul
KPK CRBC
Ravi Sutlej
C-J
Chashma

T-P

Balochistan Canals
Rim Stations:
Legend Indus @ Tarbela
Sindh Barrages Kabul @ Nowshera
Punjab Barrages
Jhelum @ Mangla
Chenab @ Marala
Reservoirs
Ravi @ Balloki
Major Rivers Sutluj @ Sulemanki

99
ZOOMED
ZOOMED
ZOOMED
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD (1991)
 An agreement to share waters of the Indus River was reached among the
four provinces of Pakistan in the form of the Water Apportionment Accord
(WAA).
 This accord is based on both, the existing and future water needs of the
four provinces.
 It has the following Purposes:
 It protected the existing uses of canal water in each province.
 It apportions the balance of river supplies, including flood surpluses
and future storages among the provinces
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD (1991)

Key features:
Province Kharif (MAF) Rabi (MAF) Total (MAF)

Punjab 37.07 18.87 55.94

Sindh * 33.94 14.82 48.76

NWFP (a) 3.48 2.3 5.78

(b) Civil Canals **

Balochistan 2.85 1.02 3.87

Total 77.34 37.01 114.35

** 1.8 1.2 3

* Including already sanctioned Urban and Industrial uses for Metropolitan Karachi.

** Ungauged Civil Canals above the rim stations

WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD (1991)

 The KPK (NWFP)/ Balochistan projects, under execution, were provided

their authorized quota of water as existing uses.
 Balance river supplies (including flood supplies and future storages) was to
be distributed as below:
Punjab Sindh Balochistan NWFP Total

37 37 12 14 100 %

 The need for storages, wherever feasible on the Indus and other rivers was
admitted and recognized by the participants for planned future agricultural
development.
WATER ISSUES
 Increased water demand for Agricultural (Food &
Fiber), Industrial and Domestic use: Irrigation int.
63% to 120%
 Inadequate Water Storage (Reservoirs) (10% of
inflows, 30 days flows)
 Inefficient use
 Siltation of Reservoirs (reduced 35%)
 Over exploitation of ground water
 Inadequate water supply in urban & rural areas
 Flood/Drought
 Deteriorating Infrastructure
 Water Pollution
 Water Pricing
107
AVERAGE ANNUAL FLOW AND STORAGE
CAPACITY OF DAMS OF SOME MAJOR RIVER BASINS
LIVE
AVERAGE
NO. OF STORAGE %AGE
RIVER BASIN ANNUAL
DAMS CAPACITY STORAGE
FLOW (MAF)
(MAF)

Colorado 12 3 59.62 497

Nile 47 1 132 281
Sutlej Beas 32 5 11.32 35
Yellow River 345 7 68.95 20
Pakistan
Indus System 145 3 14.06 10*
World Average 20,000 - 8,000 40
* Post Mangla Dam Raising (2012)
108
 PRODUCTIVITY PER UNIT OF WATER
 Canada 8.72 kg/ m3
 USA 1.56 kg/ m3
 China 0.82 kg/ m3
 India 0.39 kg/ m3
 Pakistan 0.13 kg/ m3
CEREAL PRODUCTIVITY PER UNIT OF LAND
France 7.60 T/ha Year 2017: Cereal yield,
Egypt 5.99 T/ha measured as
Saudi Arabia 5.36 T/ha India 3.16 T/ha kilograms per
Punjab (India) 4.80 T/ha Pakistan 3.17 T/ha hectare of
Punjab (Pak) 2.30 T/ha Thailand 3.24T/ha harvested land,
Pakistan (Average) 2.24 T/ha Bangladesh 4.41 T/ha includes wheat,
World (avg) 4.07 T/ha rice, maize, barley,
USA 8.25 T/ha oats, rye, millet,
sorghum,
109
 Thank you

Any Question ??

Feel free to contact

[email protected]

Youtube resource: Pakistan’s canal system: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soBq3_S58M0

ASSIGNMENT
 REVIEW OF INDUS BASIN IN
CONTEXT OF:
 IRRIGATION SYSTEM & its
Structures
 Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, threats

 REVIEW OF INDUS WATER TREA

TY: