Photogrammetry

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ELEMENTS OF
PHOTOGRAMMETRY with
APPLICATION IN GIS

Eng.mona alfauri
Muna abdel Razzaq
alfauri
Master Degree of regional planning(GIS)

BSc. Surveying and Geomatics Engineering

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CHAPTER 1
DEFINTION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY 
HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY 
TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHS 
TAKING VERTICAL AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS 
EXISTING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 
USES OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY 

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DEFINTION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Photogrammetry: the science, art, and 

technology of obtaining reliable information
from photographs
The art, science, and technology of obtaining 
reliable information about physical objects
and the environment, through the process of
recording, measuring, and interpreting
images and patterns of electromagnetic
radiant energy and other phenomena

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DEFINTION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
It is a science and technology to derive the 

spatial measurement and other mathematical

products from the photograph. The word
photogrammetry is made from three Greek
.words

Photos = Light 

Gramma = Letter or something drawn 

Metrein = To measure 

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DEFINTION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Or we can say in simple term 

PHOTOGRAMMETRY = PHOTO +“ 
”GRAMMETRY

Photo = Picture, Grammetry= Measurement 

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DEFINTION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
analysis that can be done through the 
photogrammetry ranges from: getting the
length, area and elevation value from the
hardcopy map, creating digital elevation
model (DEM) from the hardcopy topographic
map, orthophotos, and creating digital raster
.images

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DEFINTION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
:There are two types of photogrammetry 

digital or softcopy photogrammetry and hardcopy 

photogrammetry
If the digital or raster image is used for the calculation 

then it falls under digital photgrammetry and similarly

if hardcopy image is used then it is a hardcopy 

.photogrammetry
Historically creating the topographic map was the 

mostly used photogrammetry in practice. Today,

photogrammetry process is used for the variety
purposes in the GIS field: creating digital elevation
model (DEM), accurate raster image backdrops for
.visualizing GIS data

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Digital Photogrammetry (Raster
Image)

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Hardcopy Photogrammetry
(Topography Map

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DEFINTION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
Two major OR distance areas: metric, and 
.interpretative
Metric photogrammetry is the process of
making precise. measurements from photos,
while Interpretive photogrammetry is the
process of. recognizing and identifying
objects and judging their significance
.through careful and. systematic analysis

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Difference between Photogrammetry
and Remote Sensing
Photogrammetry: It is a measurement of the 
geometric properties of the object by the use
.of the photographs
Remote Sensing: It is used to determine the 
condition of the object based on the
.radiometric property of it

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HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY

Getting the picture view of the surrounding on 

the paper started back from the Da vinci in 1480

.A.D
Then in 1525 Albrecht Duerer created 

instrument to draw the perspective drawing

.using laws of perspective
In 1840 the first use of photogrammetry was by 

the French Geodeist Arago using process called

Daguerreo type(a photograph taken by an early
photographic process employing an iodine-
.sensitized silvered plate and mercury vapor.)

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French Geodeist Arago

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HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
In 1849, Frenchman Laussedat who is known 
as the “father of photogrammetry” was the
first person to use terrestrial photographs for
the topographic map compilation

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father of photogrammetry

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In 1858 Laussedat 
tested
first aerial
photography using
kites and in 1862
.using ballons

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HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY

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HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY

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HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY

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HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY

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HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY

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HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY
.Development Cycles of the Photogrammetry 

The development of the photogrammetry from year 1850 went through 

.different cycles, each cycles is of around 50 years

Plane Table Photogrammetry: This cycle started form year 1850 to year 

1900
Analog Photogrammetry: It started form year 1900 to year 1960. Optical 

or mechanical instruments were used to reconstruct the 3D geometry

from the overlapping images. The main product during this phase was
.topographic map
Analytical Photogrammetry: Computer replaces the expensive optical or 

mechanical components. The resulting devices were digital/analog

hybrids. The outputs were the topographic map but in the digital format
.for example DEM (digital elevation map) or digital map
Digital Photogrammetry: Digital Photogrammetry is also called softcopy 

photogrammetry, it is applied to digital images that is stored in the

computer. The output of this is in the digital format: Digital Elevation
Model (DEM), digital maps, digital othophotos stored in the computer

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TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Aerial photogrammetry 

Cameras fit to a machine that flies take pictures, and with the system, 

these pictures are used to generate measurements. In this case, at least

two photos of the same object or surface have to be taken for statistical
comparison. Specially designed planes are used for this kind of
.photography

The planes are made to fly over predetermined piece of land, pointed with 

specific landmark edifices. The camera speed is regulated according to

the speed of the plane. Also, the height of the aircraft from the land is
known. Stereos plotters are used to create the base contour of the surface
.being photographed

Terrestrial photogrammetry 

In this kind of photogrammetry, a camera is used in a stationary position. 

The camera is positioned on an elevated level. The tilt and other

.specifications of the camera are all controlled

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Aerial Photogrammetry vs. Terrestrial
Photogrammetry
Both being branches of photogrammetry, aerial and terrestrial 

photogrammetry are used for mapping and measurement related

issues. However, the methods are different, thus giving different
.results when at work

Aerial photogrammetry requires a high-end infra support: specially 

.designed and programmed planes being just one of them

Terrestrial photogrammetry comparatively needs much less 

.investment and technical skill to carry out

The aerial kind of photogrammetry is suitable when we are trying to 

map a large piece of land. That is longitudinal knowledge and

.calculations are an integral part of this photogrammetry operation
Terrestrial photogrammetry is a preferred method when designers 

and planners aim to monitor and map bridges, pipeline networks,

transport network, etc. The axis of the camera takes care of the area
.surface to be covered
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 Types of Photographs (by tilt)

Aerial Photos are:

1- Vertical or
tilted
• Vertical photos are
taken with the
optical axis
(Principal Line)
vertical or tilted by
no more than 2
• Tilted: if the
optical axis is Eng.mona alfauri
 Types of Photographs (by tilt)
2- Oblique Low Oblique
Photos Photo
If the optical axis
is intentionally
strongly tilted to
increase
coverage, they
are:
• Low oblique: if
the tilt is not
enough to
show the
horizon, Eng.mona alfauri
Types of Photographs (by tilt)
Oblique Photos -2
Low oblique 
High oblique: if the horizon 
is shown on the photograph

High Low
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High Oblique Vertical Photograph
y

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x
Example of vertical, high, and low oblique
photos

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