Lesson 4

Data,
Data Analysis,
Database and
Management
System
 Data
Data refers to raw facts, figures, or information
collected or stored for analysis. It can take many
forms, including text, numbers, images, or any
other type of content that can be processed by a
computer.
 Data
There are multiple types of data. Some
of the more common types of data
include the following:

1. Single 5. Picture
character
2. Boolean (true or 6. Sound
false)
3. Text (string) 7. Video
4. Number (integer or floating-point)
 In a computer's storage, digital data is a
series of bits (binary digits) that have the
value one or zero. Data is processed by the
CPU, which uses logical operations to
produce new data (output) from source data
(input).
Datacan be distinct b Two:
Qualitative y
Quantitativ
e
 Qualitative Quantitative
Qualitative data represents non-numeric information Quantitative data, on the other hand, consists of
and is typically descriptive in nature. It's about numeric information that can be measured and
qualities, characteristics, or attributes that can't be counted. It deals with quantities, sizes, and numbers
measured in numbers. This data type is often used to and is used for making calculations, comparisons, and
categorize and understand things that can't be easily statistical analysis.
quantified.

Example Example
Imagine you're describing your favorite color to Think of quantitative data as something you can count
someone. You might say it's "vibrant," "calming," or or measure, just like you count the number of candies
"warm." These descriptions are qualitative data in a jar or measure the length of your desk. It's all
because they can't be measured in numbers. about the "how much" or "how many." For example,
Qualitative data is like painting a picture with words to your age, your height, and the number of books in
help us understand the qualities and characteristics of your library are all quantitative data. It's like using
things. It's like using words to describe the taste of numbers to answer questions like, "How tall are you?"
your favorite ice cream or the feeling of a soft blanket. or "How many marbles are in the jar?"
Data Analysis
 Data Analysis
Data analysis is the process of examining, cleaning,
transforming, and interpreting data to discover
meaningful insights, patterns, and trends. It involves
using various techniques and tools to extract valuable
information from data, which can be used to make
informed decisions, solve problems, or gain a deeper
understanding of a subject.
 Data Strategies
Data analysis is the process of examining, cleaning,
transforming, and interpreting data to discover
meaningful insights, patterns, and trends. It involves
using various techniques and tools to extract valuable
information from data, which can be used to make
informed decisions, solve problems, or gain a deeper
understanding of a subject.
 Data Strategies
Data analysis is the process of examining, cleaning, transforming, and interpreting data to discover meaningful
insights, patterns, and trends. It involves using various techniques and tools to extract valuable information from
data, which can be used to make informed decisions, solve problems, or gain a deeper understanding of a subject.

1. Visualizing Data 3. Trend Analysis

Visualizing data involves creating visual displays of Trend analysis focuses on observing how data changes over time.
data, such as charts or graphs. While it's not a complete For instance, it helps us determine whether certain indicators,
like the number of children with disabilities, are increasing or
analysis, it's a helpful starting point to get a clear
decreasing and the rate of change. We often compare data from
picture of the data before diving into more in-depth different time periods to assess the impact of events or changes
analysis. over time.
2. Exploratory Analysis
4. Estimation
Exploratory analysis is used when we have limited
Estimation techniques are used when dealing with both
knowledge about a particular topic or indicator. It helps quantitative and qualitative data. These methods combine
us explore relationships between different indicators or numerical data, like poverty levels, with insights gathered
identify potential causes of a specific indicator, such as through interviews or qualitative sources to estimate proportions
examining teacher qualifications or language or characteristics of a population. For example, they can help
acquisition. determine the proportion of low-income families in an area.
What is the need of Database
Management System?
 What is the need of Database
Management System?
Database systems are basically developed for large
amount of data. When dealing with huge amount of data,
there are two things that require optimization: Storage of
data and retrieval of data.
 Storage of Data Retrieval of Data
This refers to the efficient and effective This involves the ability to quickly and
management of how data is stored and accurately retrieve specific data from the
organized within the database to minimize database, ensuring that data can be accessed in
storage space and maximize data accessibility. a timely manner.

Practical Example: Practical Example:

Consider a library database. Efficient data In an e-commerce database, optimizing data
storage means organizing books on shelves in retrieval means enabling customers to quickly
a way that minimizes the space used while find and purchase products. The system
ensuring easy access. This might involve should efficiently search and retrieve products
categorizing books by genre or author and based on user queries, like finding all
using a cataloging system to quickly locate a available laptops with specific features, to
specific book. provide a seamless shopping experience.
 Storage of Data .
Retrieval of Data .

This refers to the efficient and effective This involves the ability to quickly and
management of how data is stored and accurately retrieve specific data from the
organized within the database to minimize database, ensuring that data can be accessed in
storage space and maximize data accessibility. a timely manner.

Practical Example: Practical Example:

Consider a library database. Efficient data In an e-commerce database, optimizing data
storage means organizing books on shelves in retrieval means enabling customers to quickly
a way that minimizes the space used while find and purchase products. The system
ensuring easy access. This might involve should efficiently search and retrieve products
categorizing books by genre or author and based on user queries, like finding all
using a cataloging system to quickly locate a available laptops with specific features, to
specific book. provide a seamless shopping experience.
Purpose of Database Systems
 Purpose of Database Systems
The primary purpose of database systems is to effectively manage and
organize data. Imagine a university that stores information about its
students, teachers, courses, and library resources. To efficiently
handle this data, we require a dedicated Database Management
System (DBMS). This system serves as a digital repository where we
can seamlessly add new data, remove outdated information, update
records, and retrieve data when needed. The DBMS ensures that all
these data operations are carried out efficiently and in an organized
manner, optimizing the management of the university's diverse data
resources.
Desired Features in Analysis Tools

• Able to handle large data sets efficiently

•Wide array of analytical and statistical functions and
procedures
•Programmability
•Logging of procedures performed on data
•Ability to easily re-run analysis with minor changes
 Types of Tools
• Spreadsheet software
• Databases
– Desktop software (Microsoft Access)
– Server-based (SQL/Oracle)

• Generalized auditing software

– ACL
– IDEA
• Other tools
– SAS
– SPSS
– Apache Hadoop
Any Questions?
Quiz
 Identify which of the provided
questions corresponds to Visualizing
Data, Exploratory Analysis, Trend
Analysis, or Estimation.
 1. "How can we estimate the
future demand for our product
based on historical sales data?"
Visualizing Data, Exploratory Analysis, Trend Analysis, or Estimation.
2. "What type of graph should we
use to compare the sales
performance of our products over
the last year"
Visualizing Data, Exploratory Analysis, Trend Analysis, or Estimation.
3. "Has our quarterly revenue been
consistently increasing, or are there
fluctuations?"
Visualizing Data, Exploratory Analysis, Trend Analysis, or Estimation.
 4. "What interesting patterns or
insights can we uncover about
customer behavior in our dataset?"
Visualizing Data, Exploratory Analysis, Trend Analysis, or Estimation.
5. "Are there any long-term trends in
the stock market that we should be
aware of?"
Visualizing Data, Exploratory Analysis, Trend Analysis, or Estimation.
6. "Can you create a chart showing
the distribution of student grades in
our class?"
Visualizing Data, Exploratory Analysis, Trend Analysis, or Estimation.
7. "Can you help us determine if
there's a seasonal pattern in our
monthly sales figures?"
Visualizing Data, Exploratory Analysis, Trend Analysis, or Estimation.
 8. "What are the most common
trends or anomalies in our website
traffic data?"
Visualizing Data, Exploratory Analysis, Trend Analysis, or Estimation.
 9. "How can we examine the
relationships between variables in
our survey data?"
Visualizing Data, Exploratory Analysis, Trend Analysis, or Estimation.
10. "How can we represent the
geographical spread of our
customers using a map?"
Visualizing Data, Exploratory Analysis, Trend Analysis, or Estimation.
Answers
 1. "How can we estimate the
future demand for our product
based on historical sales data?"
Estimation
2. "What type of graph should we
use to compare the sales
performance of our products over
the last year"
Visualizing Data
3. "Has our quarterly revenue been
consistently increasing, or are there
fluctuations?"
Trend Analysis
 4. "What interesting patterns or
insights can we uncover about
customer behavior in our dataset?"
Exploratory Analysis
5. "Are there any long-term trends in
the stock market that we should be
aware of?"
Trend Analysis
6. "Can you create a chart showing
the distribution of student grades in
our class?"
Visualizing Data
7. "Can you help us determine if
there's a seasonal pattern in our
monthly sales figures?"
Trend Analysis
 8. "What are the most common
trends or anomalies in our website
traffic data?"
Trend Analysis
 9. "How can we examine the
relationships between variables in
our survey data?"
Trend Analysis
10. "How can we represent the
geographical spread of our
customers using a map?"
Visualizing Data