EE-308801

Lecture No 10
Electromechanical Systems
Text Book: Chapter 02 (Stephen J. Chapman 5 th Ed)

2.5 THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSFORMER

Determining the Values of Components in the
Transformer Model Page 90

Instructor: Warda Saeed

Class: EE-18 A/B
Electrical Engineering Department
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Assumptions to Convert a Real Transformer

Re
vie
into Ideal Transformer

w
1. The core must have no Real
hysteresis or eddy current.
2. The Magnetization curve must
be an ideal one.
3. The leakage flux in the core
must be zero, (i.e. all the flux in
the core couples both the
windings).
4. The resistance of the Ideal
transformer winding must be
zero.

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2
 e w
v i
Re The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer
The losses that occur in real transformers have to be accounted for in
any accurate model of transformer behavior. The major losses are:
1. Copper Losses( I2R): The resistive heating losses in the primary
and secondary winding of the transformer. They are proportional
to the square of the current in the winding.
2. Eddy Current Losses: These are resistive heating losses in the
core and are proportional to the square of the voltage applied to
the transformer.
3. Hysteresis losses: These are associated with the rearrangement
of the magnetic domains in the core during each half cycle and
are nonlinear function of applied voltage.
4. Leakage Flux(φLP φLS): The fluxes which escape the core and
pass only through one of the transformer winding. These
escaped fluxes produce a self inductance in the primary and
secondary coil.
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 e w
i
Re
v
The Exact Equivalent Circuit Model
1.Copper Losses
The resistive copper losses are modeled by placing a
resistance RP in the primary and RS in the secondary winding of
the transformer.
 e w
Re
v i
The Exact Equivalent Circuit Model
2. Leakage Flux
The flux which escapes the core and passes only through one of the
transformer winding.
d LP d LS
eLP (t )  N P & eLS (t )  N s
dt dt
 LP  (  N P )iP &  LS  (  N S )iS

d di p
eLP (t )  N p (  N P )iP  N p 
2 LP: self inductance of primary coil
dt dt
di p LS: self inductance of secondary coil
eLP (t )  L p LP  N P2 
dt
d di Therefore, Leakage flux will
eLS (t )  N S (  N S )iS  N S 2  S be modeled by primary and
dt dt
secondary inductances.
diS
eLS (t )  LS LS  N S2 
dt 5
 e w
i
Re
v
The Exact Equivalent Circuit Model
Leakage flux modeled by primary and secondary
inductances LP and LS.
 e w
i
Re
v
The Exact Equivalent Circuit Model
3. (Eddy Current +Hysteresis Losses): The core loss current, ih+e, is
proportional to voltage applied to the core and is in phase with voltage.
Therefore, can be modeled by Rc across primary.
4. The Magnetization Current: Is proportional to the voltage applied to the
core (in unsaturated region) and is lagging the applied voltage by 90 o.
So it can be modeled by a reactance connected across the winding,
represented by XM.

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 e w
i
Re
v
The Exact Equivalent Circuit Model

 The XM & RC represent the excitation effect which includes the core
loss current (eddy + hysteresis) and the magnetization current.

 The XM & RC are placed inside, after LP and RP, because the voltage
applied to the core is input voltage less the internal voltage drop of the
winding.
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 e w
v i
Re Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer
• To analyze practical circuits containing transformers, it is
important to convert the entire circuit to a single voltage level.
• Therefore, the circuit must be referred either to primary or to its
secondary side.

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 e w
v i
Re Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer

Transformer Model Referred to its Primary Voltage

Transformer Model Referred to its Secondary Voltage

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 Approximate Equivalent Circuit of a
Transformer
The excitation branch has a very small current compared to the load current,
so small that under normal circumstance it causes a completely negligible
voltage drop in RP and XP. Therefore, the excitation branch is moved to the
front of the transformer

a) Approximate Transformer Model b) Approximate Transformer Model

Referred to Primary Side Referred to Secondary Side
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 Simplified Equivalent Circuit of a
Transformer
• Excitation branch adds complexity. However, current through this
branch is very small, as compared to the load current.
• It causes negligible voltage drop in the Rp and Xp and hence can be
neglected.

Rp Xp
ReqP  R p  a 2 Rs X eqP  X p  a 2 X s ReqS  2
 Rs X eqS  2
 Xs
a a
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 Determining Transformer Model’s
Parameters
The parameter of the transformer model i.e., the values of resistances
and inductances can be experimentally determined using two simple
tests: The open circuit test and the short circuit test.
1.The Open Circuit Test: In this secondary winding is open circuited,
and a full load rated voltage is applied to the primary side.

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 The Open Circuit Test
Rp & Xp are too small as compared to Rc and Xm. Approximately all the voltage drops
across the excitation impedance

Convenient to consider
admittance of the excitation
branch and then compute Rc
and Xm.

Conductance of the core- loss resistor

The total excitation admittance is:

Susceptance of the magnetizing inductor

1 1
YE  j
Rc XM
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 The Open Circuit Test
Magnitude of YE referred to primary The admittance is

side
I OC
YE   
VOC
The P.F. for real transformer is always I OC
YE    cos 1 PF
lagging. Therefore: I lags V by θ VOC
Y E  A- jB

Finally RC and XM can be obtained

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 Short Circuit Test
• In this test the secondary terminals of the transformer are short
circuited.
• Apply a fairly low voltage to primary side, till current in short circuited
winding is equal to rated current.
• Caution: Make sure to keep the primary voltage low, otherwise you
could burn the transformer’s winding.

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 Short Circuit Test
• The input voltage, current, and power are measured.
• Negligible current flows through the excitation branch as the input
voltage is very low.
• Ignoring the excitation current, voltage drop can be attributed to series
elements in the circuit.

Magnitude and angle of the series impedances The series impedance ZSE is :
referred to the primary side of the transformer
is
VSC 0 VSC
Z SE    
VSC I SC    I SC
Z SE 
I SC
PSC P Z SE  Req  jX eq
PF  cos      cos 1 sc
VSC I SC I SCVSC
Z SE  ( RP  a 2 Rs )  j ( X P  a 2 X S )

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Example 2-2:
The equivalent circuit impedance of a 20 kVA, 8000/240 V. 60 HZ
transformer are to be determined. The open circuit test and short circuit
test were performed on the primary side of the transformer, and the
following data were taken. Find the impedance of the approximate
equivalent circuit referred to primary side, and sketch the circuit.

Open-circuit test (on primary) Short-circuit test (on primary)

Voc= 8000 V Vsc= 489 V

Ioc=0.214 A Isc= 2.5 A

Poc= 400 W Psc= 240 W

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Solution
The power factor during the short-circuit test
The power factor during the open
circuit test

The series impedance

The excitation admittance

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 ???
Next Lecture
2.7: Transformer Voltage Regulation and Efficiency

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