UWRT 150

WEEK 2
SPQ CONTINUED/APA
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY/FINDING RESEARCH TOPICS

Instructor
Ms. Leen Bou Nassereddine
Week 2: Objectives/Plan

■ SPQ Continued
■ APA
■ Introduction to Annotated Bibliography
assignment
■ Finding Topics (Research Paper)
PARAPHRASING
 What is
Paraphrasing?
■ To paraphrase means to restate someone
else's ideas in your own language at roughly
the same level of detail.

■ The idea of paraphrasing is simple–it’s

taking another person’s work or idea and
putting it into your own words
■ It is important to understand that paraphrasing is not about
rewriting or editing the original text, it’s about taking the ideas
and information and rewriting them in your own words.
■ use your own sentence structure and organization
■ use your own words to express the ideas in the passage
■ Keeps the meaning of the author’s ideas
■ Does not have to be shorter than the original
text
■ Can be long and include details
■ Does not contain opinions
■ Restates all of the important information in an
excerpt
■ Provide attribution in correct citation form
Summarizing vs.
Paraphrasing

■ To summarize means to reduce the most

important points of someone else's work
into a shorter form.
■ Briefly state the main idea of a text
■ Summaries are shorter with no details,
only main ideas.
 When do we
Summarize vs.
Paraphrase?
■ Paraphrases usually work better
when you want to highlight
specific, narrow points from a
source.
■ Summaries work better when you
want to explain the gist of longer
parts of a source, like a whole
Why do we
Paraphrase?

■ To avoid block quotes/over usage of quotations

■ To simplify the message to the reader
■ To sound credible and well informed as a writer,
and not just depend on quotes
■ To strengthen your argument
How do you
start?

When you are presented with a text you:

1. Read the text carefully
2. Highlight important meanings and ideas
3. Paraphrase it sentence by sentence,
rephrasing each sentence’s idea in your own words.
(Use the techniques on the next few slides)
Techniques

SYNONYMS

Original: The need for investors to earn a commercial

return may put upward pressure on prices.

■ Paraphrased: The need for profit is likely to push up

prices.

■ I changed the words but retained the meaning.

Techniques

USE DIFFERENT WORD FORM

Noun to Verb- Verb to Noun

Original: The line graph below shows the consumption of four

kinds of meat in a European country from 1979 to 2004.

Paraphrased: The line graph below shows how one European

country consumed four kinds of meat from 1979 to 2004.
Techniques
CHANGE THE GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE (active
to passive)

Original: The real estate developers invested over $40

million USD into the development of a new senior living
community.
Paraphrased Example: $40 million USD was invested in
the development of a new senior living community.
Techniques
CHANGE THE ORDER OF IDEAS/WORDS, WHERE THEY STAND IN A
SENTENCE

Original Source: Barack Obama says he wants to elevate the public discourse,
yet here he is, hosting the loons and the radicals, the pranksters and the
protesters. Anyone with Internet access can put a petition on the federal
mainframe (Scherer, 1999).

Paraphrased: The government’s websites have attracted the attention of all sorts
of fanatics, activists and jokesters as a result of President Obama’s desire to
improve civic dialogue (Scherer, 1999).

The first sentence/idea is now placed at the end rather than at the beginning.
Also two sentences were combined into one.
For Best
Results:

For best results, use 2 or 3 techniques at the same time.

For example using synonyms and changing the word

order or the grammar structures.
 Original:
Some argue that the approximately 11 million undocumented
immigrants in the United States ought to receive a path to US
citizenship, while others claim that these immigrants need to be
deported back to their home countries.

Paraphrased:
Although some individuals maintain that undocumented immigrants
should go back to their countries, others defend these immigrants’ right
for a path to citizenship.

This example uses a different structure for the sentence, and most
words are different from the original.
 Review:
Paraphrased texts
should be...
Original: use your own words and sentence structure
Objective: don’t include your opinions
Accurate: convey the main idea and emphasis of your source\
Complete: include all of the important information and ideas
Reference: cite your source (refer to the author’s last name
and date)
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work,
you only have to make reference to the author and
year of publication in your in-text reference and may
omit the page numbers.

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation

format for first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners
(Jones, 1998).
Paraphrasing
Do:
Convey the source's ideas fully and accurately
Use your own words and phrasing
Convey the emphasis of the original
Put any words borrowed from the source in quotation marks
Include documentation (APA)

Do not
xUse the exact words or phrasing from your source
xInclude your own analysis or opinions
xArgue with or contradict your source
xWander from the topic of your source
Practice
Paraphrase the given passage in one sentence

ORIGINAL:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final
research paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore,
you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes.

Lester, J. D. (1976).Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. 46-47.

In research papers students often fail to keep quoted material down to a desirable level; thus, reducing
verbatim during note-taking is essential.
SUMMARIZING
How to Write a
Summary
• Read the original text and understand it
Read

• Highlight or underline the main ideas

Annotate

• Use your own words

Paraphrase • Use transitions

Proofread • Check language mistakes

How to Write a
Summary
• Overview sentence: author’s(s’) last name(s) +
(year) + main idea

• List the main points in the same order of the

main source without details

• Periodically, use reminder phrases (the article

further states that/ the author also reports that/
the writer concludes …)
How to Write a
Summary
Original Text:
“…There are two ways to become wealthy: to create wealth or to
take wealth away from others. The former is a long-term process
that requires commitment, discipline, and strategic planning. This
way adds to society. The latter typically subtracts from it, for in the
process of taking it away, wealth gets destroyed. A monopolist who
overcharges for his products takes away money from those whom
he is overcharging and at the same time destroys value. To get his
monopoly price he has to restrict production”.
Stiglitz, J. E. (2013). The price of inequality. London: Penguin

Summary:
In the article entitled “The price of inequality”, Stiglitz (2013)
explains the two ways to build wealth. Building wealth takes time,
dedication, and careful planning, which adds value to society.
However, taking away others’ wealth, such as monopolizing the
market, leads to stigmatization, which in turns destroys wealth.
How to Write a
Do:
Summary  Convey the Main Idea
 Be concise
 Use your own words and phrasing
 Place any words from the original in quotation marks
 Use documentation

Do not:
x Include your own analysis or opinions
x Argue with your source
x Use your source's syntax or phrasing
Practice:
Choose the best summary for the
given excerpt
When everyone has a blog, a MySpace page, or Facebook entry, everyone is a publisher. When everyone has a
cellphone with a camera in it, everyone is a paparazzo. When everyone can upload video on YouTube, everyone is a
filmmaker, everyone else is a public figure. We’re all public figures now. The blogosphere has made the global
discussion so much richer- and each of us so much more transparent.
Thomas, L. Friedman, New York Times, June 27, 2007, p. 23

Friedman (2007) states that the popularity of blogs, social-networking sites, cell phone cameras has enhanced users’
discussion globally, yet made it very hard for people to remain anonymous.

It seems to me that blogs, social-networking sites, cell phone cameras, and YouTube are everywhere, and what this
means is that we are all public figures now.
Useful Frames for Summary (Overview
Sentence)

In his/her article (or lecture) "________________________,”

_____________________ (year)
(title, first letter capitalized) (author/lecturer's last
name) argues/claims/reports/contends/maintains/states that
__________________________________________________.
(main idea/argument; S + V + C)

■Example: In his article "Michael Dell turns the PC world inside out", Serwer (1997)
describes how Michael Dell founded Dell Computers and claims that Dell’s low-cost,
direct-sales strategy and high quality standards account for Dell’s enormous success.
Reporting Verbs
In academic writing we do not use the verbs say or tell because they are too vague and speech-like. To describe what an author is
doing you need to be precise in your use of reporting verbs.
Other Examples of Frames:
 According to ___________________ (year), ________________________________________.
(author's last name) (main idea; Subject + Verb + Compliment)
 ___________'s article on ______________ (year) discusses the ____________________.
(author's last name) (topic) (main idea; Noun Phrase)
 ___________ (year), in his/her article, "________________" argues that ________________.
(author's last name) (title of article) (main idea; S + V + C)
 According to "Title of the Article" (year), ____________________________________________.
(main idea; S+V+C)
 _____________ has a major impact on ________ (author's last name, year).
(topic/NP) (NP)
HOMEWORK
■Retrieved from
https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/26/opinions/covid-cat-mental-h
ealth-ripley/index.html
■Make sure to properly refer to the article while answering the
following SPQ questions:
■a. Provide a concise summary of the article, highlighting the key
points and leaving out secondary details.
■b. Paraphrase a section of the article that discusses the challenges
faced by the author during the Covid-19 pandemic and their
evolving relationship with solitude.
■c. Quote a sentence that emphasizes the role of Nova in breaking
down the author's self-imposed barriers and encouraging a life
beyond titles and achievements.
The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the
most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social sciences.
APA
In-text Citations
 In-text Citations: In-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the References section
of the paper.

■ A parenthetical citation includes ■ A narrative citation includes the

both the author’s last name and year author’s name directly in the sentence,
of publication, separated by a with the year of publication directly
comma, in parentheses at the end of following the author’s last name.
the sentence.
EX: Atkins (2018) suggests that the
Purdue OWL is a good resource for
■ EX: Research suggests that the
students.
Purdue OWL is a good resource for
■ Ex: Smith (2017) explains that “asthma is the most
students (Atkins, 2018). common disease affecting the Queensland
■ Ex: “Asthma is the most common disease affecting population” (p. 3).
the Queensland population” (Smith, 2017, p. 3).
Common APA Questions
What do we do when..
■ The year of publication is missing:
In this case, you replace the year with n.d.
Ex: Smith (n.d.) explains that…

■ The author is not mentioned:

Replace the author with the title of the article.
Use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses.
Ex: Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutori
and APA," 2017).
■ Sources without page numbers:
When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that
will help readers find the passage being cited. In this case, use the paragraph number
(para. x)
According to Smith (1997), “the mind is able to control use” (para. 6).

Note: Never use the page numbers of webpages you print out; different computers print
webpages with different pagination.
One author
“Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Quotations:

According to Jones (1998), “[s]tudents often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found “[s]tudents often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

“Students often had difficulty using APA style” (Jones, 1998, p.199).

Paraphrases:

According to Jones (1998), using APA for the first time is challenging for students.

Jones (1998) states that using APA for the first time is challenging for students.

Using APA for the first time is challenging for students (Jones, 1998).
Two authors
Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses each time you cite the work. Use
the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in
parentheses.

Wegener and Petty (1994) believe that some social phenomena affect positive and
negative mood management.

According to Wegener and Petty (1994), some social phenomena affect positive and
negative mood management.

some social phenomena affect positive and negative mood management (Wegener & Petty,
1994).
 Three or more authors

List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every citation, even the first, unless doing
so would create ambiguity between different sources.

….. (Kernis et al., 1993)

Kernis et al. (1993) suggest...

According to Kernis et al. (1993), …..

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses

When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order

them the same way they appear in the reference list
(alphabetically), separated by a semi-colon.

(Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

The semi-colon shows that there are two sources that

agree on the same point
Secondary sources

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in
your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include
the secondary source in the parentheses. If you know the year of the original
source, include it in the citation.

Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

(Johnson, 1985, as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

Citing a secondary source:

The main article is written by Lyon (2019), and inside the article Lyon
cites another writer who is Rabbitt.

Quotation: Example: “The students who were observed during tests

were less likely to cheat” (Rabbitt, 2016, as cited in Lyon, 2019,
p.16).

Paraphrase: Students do not cheat during monitored examinations

(Rabbitt, 2016, as cited in Lyon, 2019).

Rabbitt (2016) states that students under close scrutiny were not
expected to cheat during exams (as cited in Lyon, 2019)
Author’s last name+year (+p. or para. for quotations)

Ahmed (2016) states that… Ahmed (2016) states that… (p.15).

One author
…(Ahmed, 2016) …(Ahmed, 2016, p.15)

According to Wegener and Petty (1994), …

Two authors
…(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

Kernis et al. (2013) explore ….

Three + authors
…(Kernis et al., 2013)

Secondary Johnson argued that... (as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

sources …(Johnson, 1985, as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

Multiple works (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

APA Reference List
 WHICH SOURCES DO WE INCLUDE?

On the reference page, you only include sources that

you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation). You
should not include references to personal
communications that your reader can’t access (e.g.
emails, phone conversations or private online material).
You shouldn’t also include sources that you have read
which are not included in your actual text!
Reference List Entry: Journal Article
Authors’ first and middle
names initials Article’s title
Authors’ last names
Year

Gelkopf, M., Ryan, P., Cotton, S. J., & Berger, R. (2008). The impact of
“training the trainers” for helping tsunami-survivor children on
Sri Lankan disaster volunteer workers. International Journal of
Stress Management, 15(2), 117–135. doi.org/10.1037/10725245.15.2.117
Journal’s
Volume Issue pages DOI/
title
URL
 Reference List Entry: Newspaper Article
Last name, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication. URL

Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best music of 2019: Lana Del Rey sings lullabies about the end of

America. Washington Post.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/best-music-of-2019-lana-del-rey-sings-l

ullabies-about-the-end-of-america/2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.ht

ml
 Reference List Entry: Book

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name.
DOI (if available)

Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend. Yale University Press.
• On a new page

• Center the title (References) at

the top of the page. Bold this
title.

• Double-space reference entries

• Flush left the first line of the

entry and indent subsequent lines

• Order entries alphabetically by

the surname of the first author of
each work
For more APA 7th information, please refer to the following
links:

In-Text Citations: The Basics - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University

Reference List: Basic Rules - Purdue OWL® - Purdue Universit

y
CITATION GAME (2 Groups)

http://www.citationgame.org/play.php?game=6
TWO TEAMS

WHO CAN GET A HIGHER SCORE?

WE WILL PLAY THE GAME TWICE, ONLY THE TEAM PLAYING CAN ANSWER

DISCUSS & ALLOCATE ONE PERSON TO GIVE THE ANSWER

CITATION GAME (Individual)

https://library.hodges.edu/ld.php?
content_id=22059312
More Summarizing Practice
(In Class Activity)

How is the policing system in the US broken

according to Hasan?
What are the consequences of this?
Recap: Summarizing & Paraphrasing
■ ”Weeding out” a lot of the extra information that isn’t of interest
(reading/listening with a focus!)
■ The need to interpret the meaning behind the sarcasm Hasan uses (i.e. his
“voice” as an author)
■ Use of your own words!
■ Only writing the main points
■ Main points may vary based on the person who wrote the summary and
what their interests/perspective was
■ No direct quotes from the original source  or since this was a video with
fast speech, we wouldn’t have time to quote so we would be forced to
paraphrase his words into our own to get the “gist” of what he was saying
■ Paraphrased passages are much easier to work from when writing an
essay than working from the original source!
■ Author still gets credit as the summarized information come from his
ideas!
 HOMEWORK
Read Chapter 1 in e-book for next session and answer
questions 1, 3, 4 & 5 at the end of the chapter in 1-7a “Reflect
and Apply” – bring your answers to class next session.

Reading: Part 1 > Chapter 1

Questions: Part 1 > Chapter 1 > Chapter Review > Reflect and Apply
1-7a
Weekly Recap

By this point you should have:

■ A clear understanding of SPQ
■ Have an idea of what research topics are of interest to you.
■ Been introduced to APA Citations
Questions,
Comments,
Concerns?