UNIT-5

CLOUD
COMPUTING
 • A widely adopted definition of cloud
computing comes from the U.S. National
Institute of Standards and Technology

Cloud
(NIST Special Publication 800-145):
• Cloud computing is a model for enabling
ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network

Computing access to a shared pool of configurable

computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) that can
be rapidly provision
 • Grid computing is a form of distributed
computing that enables the resources of
numerous heterogeneous computers in a network
to work together on a single task at the same
time.

Cloud • Utility computing is a service-provisioning model

in which a service provider makes computing

Enabling
resources available to customers, as required, and
charges them based on usage..

Technologies
• Virtualization is a technique that abstracts the
physical characteristics of IT resources from
resource users. It enables the resources to be
viewed and managed as a pool and lets users
create virtual resources from the pool.
• Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) provides a
set of services that can communicate with each
other. These services work together to perform
some activity or simply pass data among services
Characteristics of Cloud Computing

ON-DEMAND SELF- BROAD NETWORK RESOURCE POOLING: THE RAPID ELASTICITY: MEASURED SERVICE:
SERVICE: A CONSUMER ACCESS: CAPABILITIES ARE PROVIDER’S COMPUTING CAPABILITIES CAN BE CLOUD SYSTEMS
CAN UNILATERALLY AVAILABLE OVER THE RESOURCES ARE POOLED ELASTICALLY PROVISIONED AUTOMATICALLY CONTROL
PROVISION COMPUTING NETWORK AND ACCESSED TO SERVE MULTIPLE AND RELEASED, IN SOME AND OPTIMIZE RESOURCE
CAPABILITIES, SUCH AS THROUGH STANDARD CONSUMERS USING A CASES AUTOMATICALLY, TO USE BY LEVERAGING A
SERVER TIME AND MECHANISMS THAT MULTITENANT MODEL, SCALE RAPIDLY OUTWARD METERING CAPABILITY AT
NETWORK STORAGE, AS PROMOTE USE BY WITH DIFFERENT PHYSICAL AND INWARD SOME LEVEL OF
NEEDED, AUTOMATICALLY HETEROGENEOUS THIN OR AND VIRTUAL RESOURCES COMMENSURATE WITH ABSTRACTION
WITHOUT REQUIRING THICK CLIENT PLATFORMS DYNAMICALLY ASSIGNED DEMAND. APPROPRIATE TO THE TYPE
HUMAN INTERACTION (FOR EXAMPLE, MOBILE AND REASSIGNED OF SERVICE
WITH EACH SERVICE PHONES, TABLETS, ACCORDING TO
PROVIDER. LAPTOPS, AND CONSUMER DEMAND.
WORKSTATIONS).
 • Reduced IT cost: Cloud services can be
purchased based on pay-per-use or subscription
pricing. This reduces or eliminates the
consumer’s IT capital expenditure (CAPEX).

Benefits of • Business agility: Cloud computing provides the

capability to allocate and scale computing

Cloud
capacity quickly. Cloud computing can reduce
the time required to provision and deploy new
applications and services from months to

Computing
minutes..
• Flexible scaling: Cloud computing enables
consumers to scale up, scale down, scale out, or
scale in the demand for computing resources
easily. Consumers can unilaterally and
automatically scale computing resources without
any interaction with cloud service providers.
• High availability: Cloud computing has the
capability to ensure resource availability at
varying levels depending on the consumer’s
policy and priority.
 According to NIST, cloud service offerings

Cloud
are classified primarily into three models:

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

Service Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and

Models Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).

 CLOUD
SERVICE
MODELS
 The capability provided to the consumer is to provision
processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental
computing resources where the consumer is able to
deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include
operating systems and applications.

IaaS
The consumer does not manage or control the
underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over
operating systems and deployed applications

Possibly limited control of select networking

components (for example, host firewalls).
 The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud
infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using
programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the
provider.

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure
including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over

PaaS
the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the
application-hosting environment.

PaaS is also used as an application development environment, offered as a

service by the cloud service provider.

The consumer may use these platforms to code their applications and then
deploy the applications on the cloud. Because the workload to the deployed
applications varies, the scalability of computing resources is usually
guaranteed by the computing platform, transparently. Google App Engine and
Microsoft Windows Azure Platform are examples of PaaS.
 The capability provided to the consumer is to use the
provider’s applications running on a cloud
infrastructure.

SaaS
The applications are accessible from various client
devices through either a thin client interface, such as a
web browser (for example, web-based e-mail), or a
program interface.

The consumer does not manage or control the

underlying cloud infrastructure including network,
servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual
application capabilities, with the possible exception of
limited user-specific application configuration settings.
Cloud • According to NIST, cloud computing is classified
into four deployment models —

Deployment
• Public
• Private

Models • Community, and

• Hybrid — which provide the basis for how cloud
infrastructures are constructed and consumed.
PUBLIC
CLOUD
PRIVATE
CLOUD
COMMUNITY
CLOUD
HYBRID
CLOUD
Cloud computing infrastructure
A cloud computing infrastructure is the collection of hardware and software that enables the five essential
characteristics of cloud computing. Cloud computing infrastructure usually consists of the following layers:

Cloud management
Applications and
Physical infrastructure Virtual infrastructure and service creation
platform software
tools

The resources of these layers are aggregated and coordinated to provide cloud services to the consumers
Cloud Infrastructure Mechanism

Technology
mechanisms
Ready-Made
foundational to
Environment
cloud platforms are
covered, including:

Logical Network
Resource Replication
Perimeter

Cloud Usage
Virtual Server
Monitor

Cloud Storage
Device
 Logical Network Perimeter

The isolation of a network environment from the rest of communications

network, the logical network perimeter establishes a virtual network boundary
that can encompass and isolate a group of related cloud-based IT resources that
may be physically distributed.

Logical network perimeter can be implement to isolate IT resources in a cloud

from cloud users and control the bandwidth via network devices by deploying
virtual firewall and virtual network.
Virtual server

A virtual server is a
The virtual server
form of
represents the
virtualization
mode fundamental
software that
building block of
emulates a physical
cloud environment.
service.

The instantiation of Cloud customers

virtual servers from that install or lease
image files is a virtual servers can
resource allocation customize their
process that can be environments
completed rapidly independently from
and on-demand. other customers.
 The cloud storage device mechanism
represents storage devices that are
designed specifically for cloud-based

Cloud
provisioning.

Cloud storage devices are commonly

Storage able to provide fixed-increment

capacity allocation in support of the
pay-per-use mechanism.

Device The primary concern related to cloud

storage is the security, integrity, and
confidentiality.
 There are several levels in providing
common logical units of data storage:

files – located in a folder

Cloud Storage Blocks – lowest level of storage closest

Device(Cont.,) to the HW

Datasets – table-based, delimited, or

record collection

Objects – web-based resources

 According to different storage levels,
there are three kinds of interfaces
implemented:

Network storage interfaces – files or

blocks
Cloud Storage
Device(Cont.,) Object storage interfaces – web
resources

Databasre storage interfaces –

relational or nonrelational (NoSQL)
 • The cloud usage monitor mechanism is a
lightweight and autonomous software program
responsible for collecting and processing IT
resource usage.

Cloud
• Three common agent-based implementation
formats: monitoring agent
• Resource agent

usage
• Polling agent
• Each monitor agent can be designed to forward
collected usage data to a log database for
postprocessing and reporting purposes.

monitor
monitoring agent is usually an event-driven
program to network traffic and message metrics.
• resource agent monitors usage metrics based on
pre-defined, observable events at the resource
software level, such as initiating, suspending,
resuming, and vertical scaling.
• polling agent polls IT resources to periodically
monitor IT resource status, eg. up or down time.
 Resource Replication

Replication is usually performed when Resource replication mechanism usually uses

resource’s availability and performance need virtualization technology to replicate cloud-
to be enhanced. based IT resources.
 Ready-made environment

THE READY-MADE ENVIRONMENT MECHANISM READY-MADE ENVIRONMENTS ARE UTILIZED TYPICAL READY-MADE ENVIRONMENTS
IS A DEFINING COMPONENT OF THE PAAS BY CLOUD CONSUMERS TO REMOTELY INCLUDE PREINSTALLED IT RESOURCE
CLOUD DELIVERY MODEL THAT REPRESENTS A DEVELOP AND DEPLOY THEIR OWN SERVICES
PLATFORM COMPRISED OF A SET OF ALREADY AND APPLICATIONS WITHIN A CLOUD BY
INSTALLED IT RESOURCES, READY TO BE USED PROVIDING WITH A COMPLETE SOFTWARE
AND CUSTOMIZED BY A CLOUD CONSUMER. DEVELOPMENT KIT (SDK).
 Cloud Challenges

Challenges for Consumers

Business-critical data requires protection and continuous monitoring of its access.

If the data moves to a cloud model other than an on-premise private cloud, consumers
could lose absolute control of their sensitive data.

Although most of the cloud service providers offer enhanced data security, consumers
might not be willing to transfer control of their business-critical data to the cloud.
Challenges for Providers

1 2 3 4

Cloud service providers Alternatively, customer- Therefore, cloud service Because the cloud resources
usually publish a service-level specific SLAs may be signed providers must ensure that are distributed and service
agreement (SLA) so that their between a cloud service they have adequate resources demands fluctuate, it is a
consumers know about the provider and a consumer. to provide the required levels challenge for cloud service
availability of service, quality SLAs typically mention a of services. providers to provision physical
of service, downtime penalty amount if cloud resources for peak demand of
compensation, and legal and service providers fail to all consumers and estimate
regulatory clauses. provide the service levels. the actual cost of providing
the services.
 Cloud Adoption Considerations

1 2 3 4 5

Selection of a Application suitability: Financial advantage: A Selection of a cloud Service-level

deployment model: Not all applications are careful analysis of service provider: The agreement (SLA):
Risk versus convenience good candidates for a financial benefits selection of the provider Cloud service providers
is a key con- sideration public cloud. This may provides a clear picture is important for a public typically men- tion
for deciding on a cloud be due to the about the cost-savings cloud. Consumers need quality of service (QoS)
adoption strategy. This incompatibility between in adopting the cloud to find out how long attributes such as
consideration also the cloud platform and how well the throughput and uptime,
forms the basis for software and the provider has been along with cloud
choosing the right cloud consumer applications, delivering the services. services.
deployment model or maybe the
organization plans to
move a legacy
application to the cloud.
Usage of
Cloud
• An open source cloud is developed using open
source technologies and software.
• This covers any public, private or hybrid cloud

services
models providing SaaS, IaaS and PaaS that have
been built and operate entirely on open source
technologies.

with open
• In today’s transformational digital journey, the
business, social, economic and technology trends
play a major part in shaping the future of an

source
enterprise.
• Cloud computing has become central to many
enterprise IT models, and a number of enterprise

cloud
architects are trying to make cloud systems as
effective and beneficial as possible

tools
What is • Reduced capex and opex to deliver business

driving
services.
• It minimises IT costs by reducing delivery times
and improves the quality of the app development

the
process.
• Changing business model – enterprises will soon
become integrators of the best-of-the-breed

adoption
services through collaboration.
• New regulatory requirements driven by a global
collaborative economy and a need to address

of cloud
open markets.
• A digital explosion that is raising the bar to
deliver a better customer experience.

services? • Transformation and optimisation across different

process stacks — sales, front-office, middle
office and back office.
 • The open source cloud has the following
characteristics:
• No vendor lock-in and there is seamless
integration of the enterprise applications,
products and systems developed/deployed by
different organisations and vendors.

Characteristics
• The source code will be made available for the
community, for adopters and end users to study
and modify the software and to redistribute
of the open copies of either the original or the modified
version. Source code will also be free from any
source cloud royalty.
• With no vendor monopoly, the use of free and
open standards is possible. With data
transferability and open data formats, there are
greater opportunities to share data across
interoperable platforms.
• Adoption of open source software enhances the
interoperability with other enterprise solutions
because the reuse of recommended software
stacks, libraries and components is possible.
 Cloud Cloud computing layers and the respective open

computin
source products, tools and software that map to
each layer of the cloud computing infrastructure.

g layers The layers cover the cloud market, the cloud

using
broker platform, cloud management, SaaS, PaaS,
IaaS, the cloud platform, virtualisation
software/management, and hardware, which are

open used across enterprise applications.

source The following sections briefly describe the

technologies to be adopted on the cloud, and the
equivalent open source components and
products.
 CLOUD
COMPUTING
LAYERS AND
OPEN
SOURCE
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND